🌐 End of Bipolarity – Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 | NCERT Notes & Summary (2025–26)

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🔥 Class 12th - Political Science 🚀


📖 Chapter 1: End of Bipolarity 🌍⚡

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📖 Chapter 1: End of Bipolarity 🌍⚡

🔍 What Does This Chapter Mean?

This chapter explains the end of the Cold War 🕊️❄️, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991. The world shifted from a bipolar system (USA 🇺🇸 vs. USSR 🇷🇺) to a unipolar world dominated by the USA. 🌎

🏛️ How It All Started?

•After World War II (1945), the world was divided into two powerful blocs:

🔵 USA & Capitalist Countries (Western Bloc)

🔴 USSR & Communist Countries (Eastern Bloc)

•The rivalry between these two superpowers was called the Cold War ❄️🔥.

•In 1991, the USSR disintegrated, and 15 new independent nations were formed. 🏳️



✳️ Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) 🇷🇺

🔹 After the 1917 Russian Bolshevik Revolution, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) was formed. 🏛️✨

🔹 The Soviet Union was made up of 15 republics, meaning 15 different countries were united under one system. 🌍🔗

🔹 It was created to protect the interests of the poor and was based on socialist and communist ideologies. ⚖️🔴

🏛️ 15 Republics of the U.S.S.R.:

1️⃣ Russia 🇷🇺
2️⃣ Ukraine 🇺🇦
3️⃣ Georgia 🇬🇪
4️⃣ Belarus 🇧🇾
5️⃣ Uzbekistan 🇺🇿



❇️ Soviet System 🇷🇺⚙️

🔹 The Soviet system was a centralized, state-controlled (राज्य-नियंत्रित) system guided by the Communist Party 🏛️🔴.

🔹 It aimed to create an egalitarian (समानता आधारित) society by using centralized planning and state ownership.

🔹 In simple terms, it was the system through which the Soviet Union developed (विकसित हुआ). 🚀📈



❇️ Key Features of the Soviet System ⚡

Opposition to Capitalism (पूंजीवाद) –❌💰

Planned Economy (नियोजित अर्थव्यवस्था) – The economy was centrally planned, with no free market. 📊🛠️

Dominance of the Communist Party (कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी का प्रभाव) – Only one party had full control over politics and governance. 🏛️🔴

Guaranteed Basic Living Standards (मूलभूत जीवन सुविधाएँ) – No unemployment, and basic needs were provided by the state. 🏡🍞

Advanced Communication System (संचार प्रणाली) – The USSR had a strong network of transportation and communication. 📡🚄

State Ownership of Property (राज्य की मिल्कियत) – The government controlled land, factories, and industries. 🏭🏛️

Control Over Means of Production (उत्पादन का नियंत्रण) – The state managed all production and resources. 🔧⚙️



❇️ Difference Between Soviet Communist Economy & American Capitalist Economy 🌍💰


🟥 Soviet Economy (समाजवादी अर्थव्यवस्था)

🟦 American Economy (पूंजीवादी अर्थव्यवस्था)

(i) Fully controlled by the state (राज्य) 🏛️

(i) Minimal state intervention in the economy 🚫🏛️

(ii) Planned economy (योजनाबद्ध) 📊🔧

(ii) Based on free market competition (प्रतियोगिता) 💹⚡

(iii) No private capital (निजी पूंजी नहीं) ❌💰

(iii) Private capital is important 💵✅

(iv) Inspired by socialist ideals (समाजवादी विचार) 🔴⚖️

(iv) Focused on profit maximization (लाभ बढ़ाना) 📈💰

(v) State owns means of production (राज्य का स्वामित्व) 🏭🏛️

(v) Market controls means of production (बाजार का नियंत्रण) 📊🛍️



❇️ Weaknesses of Communist Rule in the Soviet Union 🇷🇺⚖️

🔹 The Communist Party ruled the Soviet Union for 70 years, but over time, it lost accountability (जवाबदेही) to the people. 🏛️❌

🔹 Some major weaknesses of the Soviet system were:

1️⃣ Political and Administrative Stagnation (प्रशासनिक जड़ता) – The Soviet system became rigid, making governance ineffective. 🏛️⚠️

2️⃣ Widespread Corruption (भ्रष्टाचार) – The government was filled with corruption, and leaders failed to correct their mistakes. 💰🚨

3️⃣ Highly Centralized Rule (केन्द्रीय शासन) – The entire country was controlled by a central authority, leaving no room for regional independence. 🏢🔗

4️⃣ Declining Public Support (सत्ता का जनाधार खिसकना) – People started losing trust in the Communist Party as some leaders acted like dictators with no concern for public welfare. 👑❌

5️⃣ Privilege Gap (विशेषाधिकारों की असमानता) – Party officials enjoyed special privileges that common citizens did not have, increasing dissatisfaction. 🏛️💼➡️👥

Due to these weaknesses, the Soviet Union eventually collapsed in 1991, marking the end of Communist rule! 📜🚀



❇️ Mikhail Gorbachev 🕊️

🔹 In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced political reforms and democratization (लोकतंत्रीकरण) to modernize the Soviet system. 🏛️✨

🔹 He implemented economic reforms under two key policies:

Perestroika (पुनर्रचना) – Economic restructuring 📊🔧

Glasnost (खुलापन) – Political openness 🗣️📢

❇️ Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991) ⚡📜

🔹 In 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin, countries from Eastern Europe, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared the end of the Soviet Union. 🚨🏛️

🔹 This led to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the emergence of 15 new independent nations. 🌍🗺️

💥 This marked the official end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet superpower! 🚀📉



❇️ Causes of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union ⚡📉

🔹 Couldn’t fulfill people's aspirations (आकांक्षा) 🚫💰

🔹 Bureaucratic control (नौकरशाही) weakened efficiency 🏢🔗

🔹 Poor governance (शासन) by the Communist Party 🏛️⚠️

🔹 Overinvestment in Eastern Europe (पूर्वी यूरोप) 🌍💸

🔹 False progress reports (गलत जानकारी) 📢❌

🔹 Excessive military spending (सैन्य खर्च) ☢️💰

🔹 Lagging in technology (प्रौद्योगिकी) 🏗️🚧

🔹 Russia’s dominance (प्रधानता) over other republics 🇷🇺⚖️

🔹 Opposition to Gorbachev’s reforms (सुधार) 🚫🔄

🔹 Economic stagnation (मंदी) & shortage of goods 📉🛒

🔹 Rise of nationalism (राष्ट्रवाद) and independence movements 🚩🗺️

🔹 Authoritarian rule (तानाशाही) 🏛️❌



❇️ Consequences of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union 🌍⚡

🔹 End of Cold War (शीतयुद्ध) 🕊️ – The long rivalry between the USA & USSR ended.

🔹 Collapse of the Second World (दूसरी दुनिया) 🌍📉 –communist bloc disintegrated.

🔹 Rise of a Unipolar World (एकध्रुवीय विश्व) 🇺🇸👑 – The USA emerged as the sole superpower.

🔹 End of Arms Race (हथियारों की होड़) ☢️🚫 – Nuclear tensions reduced globally.

🔹 Breakup of the Soviet Bloc (सोवियत खेमे का अंत) 🏛️⚡ – USSR split into 15  nations.

🔹 Rise of Global Financial Institutions (अंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थाएँ) 💰🏦 – WB & IMF gained influence.

🔹 Russia Became the Successor (उत्तराधिकारी) 🇷🇺 – Russia inherited USSR’s global position.

🔹 Shift in Power Balance (शक्ति संतुलन) ⚖️🔄 – Global politics saw a major transformation.

🔹 Decline of Socialist Ideology (समाजवाद) ❓📉 – Capitalism & liberalism became dominant.

🔹 Adoption of Shock Therapy (शॉक थेरेपी) ⚡🏢 – Soviet states moved towards free-market

🔹 Growth of Liberal Democracy (लोकतंत्र) 🗳️📈 – Democracy gained wider acceptance worldwide.



❇️ Impact of Soviet Dissolution on Developing Countries like India 🇮🇳🌍

🔹 Increased U.S. Influence (अमेरिकी प्रभाव) 🇺🇸 – America got more opportunities to interfere in domestic politics.

🔹 Setback to Communist Ideology (कम्युनिस्ट विचारधारा) ❌🔴 – Communism lost its global strength.

🔹 U.S. Dominance in Global Organizations (वैश्विक संगठन) 🏦🌐 – America gained more control over IMF & World Bank.

🔹 Rise of MNCs in Developing Nations (बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियाँ) 🏢💰 – Multinational companies entered India & other developing countries freely.



❇️ Unipolar World (एकध्रुवीय विश्व) 🌍

🔹 One Superpower Dominates 🌟 – After 1991, the world had only one superpower – the USA.

🔹 No Rival to U.S. Power 💪 – No country could challenge American dominance.

🔹 Rise of Capitalist Economy 💰📈 – Capitalism spread globally as socialism weakened.

🔹 Unmatched U.S. Military Strength 🚀⚔️ – America had superior military technology & spending.

🔹 Control Over Global Institutions 🏦🌐 – IMF & World Bank came under U.S. influence.

🔹 Cultural Influence 🎭🛍️ – American brands like Jeans, Coke, and Pepsi spread worldwide.



❇️ Shock Therapy (शॉक थेरेपी) ⚡🏦

🔹 Meaning 💥 – "Shock Therapy" refers to a sudden transition from communism to capitalism under IMF & World Bank guidance after the USSR's collapse.

❇️ Features of Shock Therapy 🏛️💰

🔹 Privatization of State Property 🏢➡️👨‍💼 – Government assets were sold to private individuals.

🔹 Dismantling of Collective Farms 🌾🚜 – Communal farms were turned into private farms.

🔹 Adoption of Free Market Economy 📈🌍 – Trade barriers were removed, encouraging open markets.

🔹 Currency Convertibility 💱 – Local currencies became exchangeable with international ones.

🔹 Integration with Western Economies 🏦🇺🇸 – Former USSR nations linked their economies with the West.

🔹 No Alternative to Capitalism ❌🔴 – Socialism was completely abandoned.



❇️ Results of Shock Therapy ⚡📉

🔹 Total Failure ❌ – Russia’s industrial system collapsed.

🔹 Currency Devaluation 💱⬇️ – The Russian Ruble lost its value.

🔹 End of Social Welfare 🏥🚫 – Government welfare schemes were abolished.

🔹 Loss of Subsidies 💸 – Most people became poor as state support ended.

🔹 Mass Privatization 🏭➡️💰 – 90% of industries were sold cheaply, known as the “Biggest Garage Sale” in history.

🔹 Economic Inequality 📊⚠️ – The gap between rich & poor widened drastically.

🔹 Food Crisis 🌾🍽️ – Shortage of essential goods led to suffering.

🔹 Rise of Mafia Groups 🔫💼 – Criminal organizations gained power.

🔹 Authoritarian Rule 🏛️🗳️ – Weak parliament, strong president → dictatorship tendencies.



❇️ The "Garage Sale" 🏭💸

🔹 Shock Therapy caused economic collapse in former communist nations, especially in Russia.

🔹 90% of industries were sold to private companies at extremely low prices.

🔹 As market forces (instead of government planning) controlled the economy, industries collapsed.

🔹 This massive sell-off is known as "The Biggest Garage Sale in History" 🔥.



⚔️ Conflict & Tension Zones 🌍

🔹 Many former Soviet republics faced conflicts and foreign interference.
🔹 Chechnya & Dagestan in Russia witnessed violent separatist movements.
🔹 Czechoslovakia peacefully split into Czech Republic & Slovakia.

🌍 Balkan Region

🔹 Yugoslavia disintegrated due to civil war.
🔹 Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Croatia declared independence.

🌊 Baltic Region

🔹 Lithuania declared independence in 1990.
🔹 Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became UN members (1991) and joined NATO (2004).

⛽ Central Asia

🔹 Tajikistan faced civil war for 10 years (until 2001).
🔹 Azerbaijan, Armenia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia also faced conflicts.
🔹 This region, rich in oil reserves, became a battleground for global powers & oil companies. 🔥



India & Former Communist Countries 🤝

🔹 Strong ties with former communist nations, especially Russia.
🔹 Both nations support a multipolar world 🌍.
🔹 Common interests: coexistence, collective security, sovereignty, independent foreign policy, UN strengthening & democracy.

🤝 India-Russia Relations

🔹 2001: Signed 80 bilateral agreements; India buys Russian weapons 🛡️.
🔹 Imports oil from Russia & collaborates in nuclear & space programs 🚀.
🔹 Expanding energy imports from Kazakhstan & Turkmenistan ⛽.
🔹 2016 BRICS Summit (Goa): PM Modi & President Putin focused on defense, nuclear energy, space & economic growth 📈



🔗 📚 Related Posts:


❓ 🙋‍♂️ FAQs – End of Bipolarity (Chapter 1)

Q1. What does ‘End of Bipolarity’ mean in Political Science?
A: It refers to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, ending the Cold War era of two superpowers – USA and USSR.

Q2. What caused the disintegration of the USSR?
A: Economic crisis, lack of political freedom, rise of nationalism in Soviet Republics, and Gorbachev’s reforms.

Q3. How did the end of bipolarity affect world politics?
A: It led to the rise of a unipolar world dominated by the USA and emergence of new power blocs like the EU and China.

Q4. What is Gorbachev’s role in the USSR’s collapse?
A: His policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) weakened the Communist Party's control.

Q5. What replaced the USSR after its collapse?
A: 15 independent republics including Russia, Ukraine, and the Baltic States.





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