📘 Class 11 – Political Science
🟢 What are Rights?
⚖️ The facilities provided by law help to protect (सुरक्षित करना) these rights.
•📜 Declaration of Rights
🗣️ The demand for such a declaration was raised by Pandit Nehru in 1928.
•❓ Why do we need Fundamental Rights?
•🔍 हमें मौलिक अधिकारों की आवश्यकता क्यों है?
•🧠 Fundamental Rights are essential for:
•✅ The basic development (मूल विकास) of every individual
•🔄 Their all-round development (सर्वांगीण विकास)
•🏛️ These rights help to bring:
•⚖️ Equality (समानता)
•🕊️ Liberty (स्वतंत्रता)
•🤝 Fraternity (बंधुत्व)
•💰 Economic development (आर्थिक विकास)
•🏘️ Social development (सामाजिक विकास)
•👉 In short, they create a just and fair society for all. 🌍
•📚 Types of Fundamental Rights (मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रकार)
•📌 Note:
Originally, 7 Fundamental Rights were mentioned in the Indian Constitution.
But after the 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978), the Right to Property was removed as a fundamental right.
➡️ Now it is a legal right under Article 300-A as per common law (सामान्य कानून).
•🧾 Currently, there are 6 Fundamental Rights listed in Part III of the Indian Constitution
•⚖️ Right to Equality Articles 14 – 18)
•📜 Article 14: Legal equality & equal protection without discrimination (भेदभाव).
•🚫 Article 15: No discrimination by government based on religion (🛐), caste (👥), sex (🚻), or birth place (📍).
•🎯 Article 16: Equal opportunity (समान अवसर) in public jobs.
•❌ Article 17: Abolition of untouchability (अस्पृश्यता).
•🚫🎖️ Article 18: No titles (उपाधियाँ) except military (सेना) & educational (शिक्षा).
🕊️ Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)
•📢 Article 19: Freedom of speech & expression, form associations, hold meetings, travel, settle anywhere, and do business freely.
•⚖️ Article 20: Protection to accused or punished persons in offences.
•🔐 Article 21: No one can be deprived of life or liberty except by law (कानून).
•📚 Article 21(a): Right to Free & Compulsory Education (RTE), ages 6 to 14 (added by 86th Amendment, 2002).
•🚓 Article 22: Protection against arbitrary arrest & detention.
•📌 Note: Right to Education added by 93rd Amendment (2002) to Article 21(a).
•🚫 Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 – 24)
•🔒 Article 23: Prohibits human trafficking (मानव तस्करी), forced labour, and bonded labour (जमीनदारों द्वारा किसान श्रम बिना मजदूरी).
•🚫 Article 24: Prohibits employment of children below 14 years in mines, factories, and hazardous work (खतरनाक काम).
•✝️🕉️☪️ Right to Religious Freedom (Articles 25 – 28)
•🙏 Article 25: Right to profess (माना), practice (अभ्यास), and propagate (प्रचार) one’s religion.
•🏫 Article 26: Right to establish religious & charitable institutions (संस्थान).
•💰 Article 27: No citizen shall be forced to pay tax for promotion of any religion or religious sect (धार्मिक सम्प्रदाय).
•🚫 Article 28: No religious education in government schools.
•🎨📚 Right to Culture and Education (Articles 29 – 30)
•🗣️ Article 29: Right of citizens to preserve their own language (भाषा), script (लिपि), and culture (संस्कृति).
•🏫 Article 30: Rights of linguistic (भाषाई) and religious minorities to establish and manage educational institutions (शैक्षिक संस्थान).
⚖️🛡️ Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
•Called the "Heart and Soul" of the Constitution by Dr. Ambedkar ❤️📜
•Courts issue special orders called Writs (विशेष आदेश).
•📝 Types of Writs:
•Habeas Corpus (हैबियस कॉर्पस):
•Mandamus (परमादेश):
•Prohibition (प्रतिबंध):
•Quo Warranto (अधिकार जांच):
•Certiorari (सर्टियोरी):
•📝✨ Types of Writs (विशेष आदेश)
•🔹 Habeas Corpus (हैबियस कॉर्पस)
👮♂️ Court orders arrested person to appear.
⛓️ Protects against illegal detention.
•🔸 Mandamus (परमादेश)
⚖️ Court orders public officer (सरकारी अधिकारी) to perform duty if neglected.
•🔹 Prohibition (प्रतिबंध)
🚫 Supreme/High Court stops lower courts from exceeding powers.
•🔸 Quo Warranto (अधिकार जांच)
❓ Court questions person holding public office without authority.
🛑 Can remove if answer unsatisfactory.
•🔹 Certiorari (सर्टियोरी / सशियोरी)
📜 Supreme/High Court cancels orders of lower courts or authorities.
📜✨ Directive Principles of State Policy (राज्य नीति के निर्देशात्मक सिद्धांत)
•In independent India, besides Fundamental Rights, many rules were needed to ensure equality (समानता) and welfare (कल्याण) of all citizens.
•➡️ These principles guide the government on policies to follow.
➡️ They cannot be challenged in court (अदालत), but the government is urged to implement them.
➡️ It is the government’s responsibility (ज़िम्मेदारी) to enforce these as far as possible.
•📝 Main Aspects of Directive Principles:
•🎯 Goals and objectives society should accept.
•🛡️ Rights citizens should have besides fundamental rights.
•📋 Policies government should adopt.
🔄✨ Relationship between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights
•⚖️ Both complement (पूरक) each other.
•🚫 Fundamental Rights restrict (सीमित) certain government actions.
•📢 Directive Principles direct (निर्देश) the government to perform certain functions.
•👤 Fundamental Rights mainly protect individual rights (व्यक्तिगत अधिकार).
•🌍 Directive Principles focus on the interest of the whole society (समाज का हित).
⚖️🆚 Difference between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights
✨ Fundamental Duties of Citizens (नागरिकों के मौलिक कर्तव्य)
In 1976, Article 51(a) introduced 10 Fundamental Duties by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment.
•📝 10 Fundamental Duties:
•📜 Abide by the Constitution (संविधान), respect the National Flag and National Anthem.
•💖 Cherish and follow the high ideals that inspired the National Movement (राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन).
•🛡️ Protect the Sovereignty (सार्वभौमिकता), Unity (एकता), and Integrity (अखंडता) of India.
•⚔️ Be ready for the defense (रक्षा) and service of the nation.
•🤝 Build brotherhood (भाईचारा) among citizens.
•📚 Understand and maintain the glorious tradition of our social culture (सामाजिक संस्कृति).
•🌳 Preserve the natural environment (प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण).
•🔬 Develop scientific outlook, humanism (मानवता), and spirit of knowledge & improvement.
•🏛️ Protect public property (सार्वजनिक संपत्ति), support Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (स्वच्छ भारत अभियान), and avoid violence.
•🌟 Strive for excellence (श्रेष्ठता) in individual and group activities.
•✨ Constitution of South Africa (दक्षिण अफ्रीका का संविधान)
•The Constitution of South Africa came into force in December 1996, after the end of Apartheid (अपार्थाइड) government and the threat of civil war.
•➡️ The Declaration of Rights (अधिकारों की घोषणा) is a cornerstone of democracy (लोकतंत्र) in South Africa.
•📝 Major Rights in South Africa’s Constitution:
•🙌 Right to Dignity (सम्मान)
•🔒 Right to Privacy (गोपनीयता)
•⚖️ Right to Fair Labour Treatment (न्यायसंगत श्रम व्यवहार)
🔗 📚 Related Posts:
📘 Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 – Constitution: Why and How? Notes
📘 Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 – Election and Representation Notes
📘 Class 11 Political Science All Chapters Notes (2025–26)
📘 Class 12 Political Science Notes – Contemporary World Politics
📘 Class 11 History Notes – Themes in World History
❓ 🙋♂️ FAQs – Chapter 2: Rights
Q1. What are rights in Political Science?
A: Rights are justified claims that individuals can make on society and the state.
Q2. Name the types of rights discussed in Chapter 2.
A: Natural rights, moral rights, legal rights, and fundamental rights.
Q3. What is the importance of rights in a democracy?
A: Rights protect individual freedom and ensure participation in governance.
Q4. What is the difference between legal and moral rights?
A: Legal rights are enforceable by law; moral rights are based on ethics and justice.
Q5. What are Fundamental Rights according to the Indian Constitution?
A: They are rights guaranteed by the Constitution like equality, freedom, and the right to education.
