✨ "The Constitution is the soul of a nation – guiding our rights, duties, and democratic values."
❇️ What is the Constitution?
🔹 The Constitution is a set of rules and laws that defines how a country is governed. 🏛️
🔹 It provides a framework for:
•📋 Making laws
•⚖️ Dividing powers between different organs of government
•👥 Protecting the rights and duties of citizens
•
🔹 Through the Constitution, a government gets its sovereignty (स्वायत्तता – the power to govern independently).
🔹 Any law or rule made under the Constitution is automatically accepted and followed by the people. ✅
✨ In short, the Constitution acts like the foundation (आधार) of a country’s political and legal system. 🧱📜
❇️ Types of Constitutions in the World 🌍
🔹There are mainly two types of Constitutions found across the world:
1️⃣ Written Constitution ✍️ (लिखित संविधान)
🔹 It provides a systematic structure for governance and law-making. 🏛️
📌 Examples: India, United States of America (USA), Japan
2️⃣ Unwritten Constitution 🗣️ (अलिखित संविधान)
🔹 It evolves gradually and may not be written in a single document.
📌 Examples: Britain, New Zealand, Israel
❇️ Functions of the Constitution ⚖️📜
🔹 The Constitution performs several important functions to maintain order and governance in a country. Let's understand them one by one 👇
•🔹 Social values (सामाजिक मूल्य)
•🔹 Political beliefs (राजनीतिक विश्वास)
•🔹 Economic goals (आर्थिक लक्ष्य)
It helps fulfill the dreams and hopes of the people and prevents anarchy (अराजकता – lawlessness). 🚫🧩
❇️ Constituent Assembly of India 🏛️🇮🇳
🔹 The Constituent Assembly was the body that framed the Constitution of India. Let’s understand its journey step by step 👇
🗳️ How were its members selected?
🔹 Members were not directly elected by the people. Instead, they were indirectly elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies (प्रांतीय विधानसभाएँ) created under the Government of India Act, 1935.
📊 Composition of the Assembly:
🔹 As per the Cabinet Mission Plan (British Cabinet’s proposal):
•📌 292 members came from Provinces
•📌 93 seats were allotted to the Princely States (देशी रियासतें)
🔹 But after Partition, the total number of members was reduced to 299.
📘 Committees:
🔹 The Constituent Assembly had formed 8 major committees 🛠️ to focus on different aspects of the Constitution like Fundamental Rights, Union Constitution, Provincial Constitution, etc.
❇️ Sessions of the Constituent Assembly 🏛️
🔶 First Session (9 Dec 1946) – Attended by 209 members. Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was appointed as the Provisional President (अस्थायी अध्यक्ष).
🔶 Second Session (11 Dec 1946) – Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the Permanent President (स्थायी अध्यक्ष) of the Assembly. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was elected as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee (संविधान प्रारूप समिति के अध्यक्ष).
🔶 Third Session (13 Dec 1946) – Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru presented the Objective Resolution (उद्देश्य प्रस्ताव), which outlined India as a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was accepted on 22 Jan 1947. (This resolution became the guiding model for framing the Constitution.)
🔶 Fourth Session (14 to 31 July 1947) – On 22 July 1947, the National Flag – Tricolor 🇮🇳 was officially adopted.
📜 The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 with 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedules, and 3 Appendices. (Now the schedules have increased to 12)
🧾 As of 25 July 2017, the Constitution had 465 Articles. It was implemented on 26 January 1950.
🖊️ Out of 299/300 members, 284 were present on 26 Nov 1949 to sign the final Constitution.
📚 Every motion, word, and act of the Assembly is recorded in 12 volumes called Constituent Assembly Debates (सभा वाद-विवाद).
❇️ Time Taken & Total Sittings to Frame the Indian Constitution ⏳📜
🛠️ It took a total of 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days (2 साल 11 महीने 18 दिन) to complete the making of the Indian Constitution.
📅 During this period, the Constituent Assembly held 166 sittings (166 बैठकें हुईं).
💰 The total expenditure was around ₹64 lakh (64 लाख रुपये) in drafting the Constitution.
❇️ Women Members in the Constituent Assembly 👩⚖️
🔹 There were a total of 9 women members (9 महिला सदस्य) in the Constituent Assembly.
👑 Out of these, 3 played a major role and were part of several important committees.
✨ Key Names:
•Sarojini Naidu 🎤 (Prominent leader and orator)
•Hansa Mehta 📚 (Advocate for women's rights)
•Durgabai Deshmukh ⚖️ (Social reformer and educationist)
•
Other notable women included:
•Amrit Kaur 🏥 (First Health Minister of India)
•Begum Ejaz Rasool 🏛️
•Vijayalakshmi Pandit 🌍 (Diplomat and political leader)
•
💫 These women made remarkable contributions in shaping modern India’s Constitution.
The Preamble and Justice in the Constitution 📜⚖️
❇️ 3 Types of Justice in the Preamble:
📌 Important Facts about the Preamble:
National Symbols & Special Events 🇮🇳✨
🔸 22 July 1947 – The National Flag (Tricolor) 🇮🇳 was adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
🧾 Other Important Facts:
🔹 In 2000, a National Commission was formed under Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah by the Vajpayee Government to review the working of the Constitution.
🔹 The smallest Constitution in the world is of America 🇺🇸 – It has only 7 Articles, and came into force on 4 March 1789.
❇️ Sources of the Indian Constitution 📜🌍
🔹 Many features were also taken from the constitutions of other countries 🌐:
📘 Features of the Indian Constitution
❇️ A complete and written Constitution made by the representatives of the people (जन प्रतिनिधि)
❇️ It declares India as a Sovereign (संपूर्ण प्रभुत्व संपन्न), Socialist (समाजवादी), Secular (धर्मनिरपेक्ष), Democratic Republic (लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य)
❇️ Reminds every citizen of their Fundamental Rights (मौलिक अधिकार) and Fundamental Duties (मौलिक कर्तव्य)
❇️ Ensures an 🧑⚖️ Independent Judiciary (स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका)
❇️ Works on a 🏛️ Parliamentary form of Government (संसदीय व्यवस्था)
❇️ Includes 📘 Directive Principles of State Policy (राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व) for welfare and justice
🧱 Is the Indian Constitution Rigid or Flexible?
❇️ Rigid Nature (कठोर प्रकृति)
🔹 The Indian Constitution is rigid because as per Article 368, some amendments require:
📝 Example: Changing federal structure, election of President, etc.
❇️ Flexible Nature (लचीली प्रकृति)
🔹 At the same time, it is also flexible because many provisions can be changed by just a Simple Majority (सरल बहुमत) in Parliament
📝 Example: Formation of new states, change in names or boundaries, salaries, etc.
Constitution-Making Controversy in Nepal ❗
❇️ Since 1948, Nepal has had 6 Constitutions till now:
📅 Years: 1948, 1951, 1959, 1962, 1990, and 2006
🔹 There has been continuous political instability (राजनीतिक अस्थिरता) and conflict over representation (प्रतिनिधित्व को लेकर टकराव)
🔹 The current Madhesi Movement (मधेसी आंदोलन) is demanding better rights and representation
🔹 Many people in Nepal believe that the present constitution needs major amendments (संशोधन) to ensure equality and justice
✅ Nepal's experience shows that Constitution-making is not just a legal task, but a deeply political and social challenge 📜⚖️
📜 Fundamental Provisions of a Successful Constitution ✅
❇️ To make a Constitution truly successful, it must include the following key features:
🌍 Constitution of South Africa
🌐 Global Problems Covered in the Constitution 🧩
📌 South Africa’s Constitution doesn't just focus on political rules — it also fights social injustice and supports human dignity (मानव गरिमा) worldwide 🌍❤️
🔗 📚 Related Posts:
📘 Class 11 History Notes – Writing and City Life (2025–26)
❓ 🙋♂️ FAQs – Constitution: Why and How? (Chapter 1)
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