🌍 Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 4: International Organization

📘 Class 12 – Political Science

🔹 Chapter 4: International Organization

📚 Academic Session: 2025–26

🔖 NCERT Textbook: Contemporary World Politics

🌍❇️ International Organisations

🔹 International organisations are broad in their purpose.

They play a vital role (महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका) in solving global conflicts, maintaining peace (शांति) and security (सुरक्षा), and creating a friendly environment among different countries. 🌐

📝❇️ Need for International Organisations

🔹 Some problems are so big that they can't be handled by a single country alone — in such cases, international organisations help. 🤝

🔹 Help in solving international disputes (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विवाद) through peaceful means. ☮️

🔹 Assist in the prevention of wars (युद्धों की रोकथाम). 🛑⚔️

🔹 Support the economic development (आर्थिक विकास) of the world. 📈💰

🎯❇️ Objectives of the United Nations (UNO) – संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के उद्देश्य

🔹 To prevent international conflicts (अंतरराष्ट्रीय झगड़े रोकना) and maintain peace among countries. 🕊️🌍

🔹 To promote cooperation (सहयोग) and friendly relations between nations. 🤝

🔹 If war breaks out, UNO tries to reduce hostility (शत्रुता को कम करना) and bring peace as soon as possible. ⚔️➡️☮️

🔹 To work for the social, economic, and developmental growth (सामाजिक, आर्थिक और विकास के लिए कार्य) of the entire world. 📈🌱

🔹 To help countries during natural disasters (आपदा), pandemics (महामारी) or any global crisis (वैश्विक संकट). 🌪️🦠🆘

🏛️❇️ Main Organs of the United Nations – संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के प्रमुख अंग

🔢 No.	🏢 Organ Name (अंग)	🛠️ Function (कार्य)	👥 Members	📝 One-liner Summary
1️⃣	Security Council (सुरक्षा परिषद)	Maintains international peace and security 🌍🕊️	15 (5 Permanent + 10 Elected)	Powerful body that can take action to stop wars.
2️⃣	International Court of Justice (अंतरराष्ट्रीय न्यायालय)	Solves legal disputes between countries ⚖️🌐	15 Judges	UNO’s world court located at The Hague.
3️⃣	Secretariat (सचिवालय)	Carries out day-to-day work of UNO 🗂️🧑‍💼	Headed by Secretary-General	Administrative backbone of the UN.
4️⃣	General Assembly (आम सभा)	Discusses global issues and takes decisions 🗳️🌎	All 193 Members	Parliament of the world – every country has 1 vote.
5️⃣	Trusteeship Council (न्यासिता परिषद)	Helped colonies to become independent 🗺️🕊️	5 Members (Currently Inactive)	Now inactive – achieved its goal.
6️⃣	Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (आर्थिक और सामाजिक परिषद)	Works on global economic, health, education & social issues 💰📚	54 Members	Promotes development & human welfare.

🛡️❇️ Security Council – सुरक्षा परिषद्

🔹 The Security Council is the most powerful organ (सबसे शक्तिशाली अंग) of the United Nations (UNO). 💪🌍

🔹 It has a total of 15 members:

•5 permanent members – 🇺🇸 USA, 🇷🇺 Russia, 🇬🇧 UK, 🇫🇷 France, and 🇨🇳 China

•10 non-permanent members – elected for 2 years by the General Assembly. 🗳️

•

🛑 Veto Power – वीटो (निषेधाधिकार)

🔹 All permanent members have the special power called Veto, which means they can reject any decision alone. ❌🗳️

🔹 If even one permanent member uses the veto, the resolution fails — even if all others agree.

•

🔧 Need for Reform

🔹 Since the Cold War (शीत युद्ध), there has been a growing demand to reform the structure and working of the Security Council. 🏛️⚙️

🔹 Key demands include:

•Increase in the number of both permanent and non-permanent members 📈

•More active role of the UN in issues like poverty (गरीबी), hunger (भूखमरी), diseases (बीमारी), terrorism (आतंकवाद), environment, and human rights (मानवाधिकार). 🌱⚖️

	🧩 Feature (विशेषता)	🛡️ Permanent Members (स्थायी सदस्य)	⏳ Non-Permanent Members (अस्थायी सदस्य)
1️⃣	Term (कार्यकाल)	Chosen permanently (हमेशा के लिए)	Elected for 2 years (दो वर्षों के लिए)
2️⃣	Veto Power (वीटो शक्ति)	Have Veto Power – can block decisions ❌🛑	❌ No Veto Power
3️⃣	Number (संख्या)	5 Members – USA, UK, France, Russia, China 🌍	10 Members – elected by General Assembly 🗳️
4️⃣	Importance (महत्व)	Play a major role in all decisions 🌐	Role is less powerful compared to permanent members
5️⃣	Decision Control	Can stop any decision of the Security Council 🚫	Cannot stop any decision 🚷

❇️ India’s Contribution to the United Nations - भारत का संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ में योगदान

🔹 India has consistently contributed (लगातार योगदान) to various UN programs and missions. 🌍🤝

🔹 Whether it's about peace and security (शांति और सुरक्षा), disarmament (निःशस्त्रीकरण), or international crises, India has always played a key role. 🕊️⚖️

📝 Key Examples:

•Participated in resolving the Korean Crisis (दक्षिण कोरिया संकट) 🇰🇷

•Played a role in the Suez Canal Issue (स्वेज नहर मामला) 🚢

•Responded to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 🇮🇶⚔️🇰🇼

•

🔹 India also supports:

•Human Rights protection (मानवाधिकारों की रक्षा) 🧑‍⚖️

•Opposition to colonialism (उपनिवेशवाद का विरोध) 🏴‍☠️

•Fight against racial discrimination (रंगभेद का विरोध) ✊🏿

•Active in educational, economic, and cultural fields 🌱📚💼

🏛️❇️ Eligibility for Permanent Membership in the UN Security Council

संयुक्त राष्ट्र की सुरक्षा परिषद में स्थायी सदस्यता की योग्यता

1️⃣ Strong Economic Power 💰

→ The country must be a major economic power (बड़ी आर्थिक शक्ति).

2️⃣ Powerful Military Strength 🪖

→ It should have a large and modern military (बड़ी सैन्य शक्ति).

3️⃣ Large Population 👥

→ The country should be big in terms of population (आबादी के दृष्टिकोण से बड़ा राष्ट्र).

4️⃣ Consistent Contribution to the UN Budget 💵

→ The country should regularly contribute to the UN’s financial budget (संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के बजट में योगदान).

5️⃣ Respect for Democracy 🗳️

→ It must respect democratic values (लोकतंत्र का सम्मान करता हो).

6️⃣ Representation of Diversity 🌏🎭

→ The country should reflect geographic, economic, and cultural diversity (भूगोल, अर्थव्यवस्था और संस्कृति की विविधता).

🌍 Making the UN More Relevant in a Unipolar World

•Create a Peacekeeping Commission 🕊️

A special team to maintain peace worldwide.

•Establish a Human Rights Council 🧑‍⚖️

To protect human rights in all countries.

•Agree on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 🎯

Work together to achieve major development targets for global welfare.

•Set up a Democracy Fund 🗳️

To support and strengthen democracies.

•Condemn all forms of Terrorism 🚫

Take strong actions against terrorism everywhere.

•Dissolve the Trusteeship Council 🛑

End the council that no longer serves a purpose.

Why the UN Still Matters in a Unipolar World

The United States 🇺🇸 dominates today’s world, funds the most to the UN 💵, and hosts its headquarters 🏢.

Because of this, the UN cannot fully control US actions. But it remains a key platform where other countries come together to discuss and try to balance global power 🤝🌐.

🌐✨ International Organizations & NGOs (अंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थाएँ व गैर सरकारी संगठन)

Apart from the United Nations (संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ), many international organizations and NGOs tirelessly work to achieve their goals worldwide:

💸 International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Founded: 1944 (framework), 1945 (signed)

Headquarters: Washington D.C. 🏛️

Members: 189 🌍

Purpose:

Oversees the global financial system 💰 and provides financial & technical help 🤝 to countries in need.

🌍 World Bank (WB)

Founded: 1945

Headquarters: Washington D.C. 🏢

Members: 189 🤝

Purpose:

Supports human development (शिक्षा 📚, स्वास्थ्य 🏥), agriculture 🚜, rural development, environment protection 🌱, infrastructure 🏗️, and good governance.

📦 World Trade Organization (WTO)

Founded: 1995 (before that GATT)

Headquarters: Geneva 🇨🇭

Members: 164 🌐

Purpose:

Sets global trade rules 📊 and promotes smooth international commerce 🌐🤝.

⚛️ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Purpose:

Promotes peaceful use of nuclear energy ☢️ and prevents its military use 🚫🔫.

✊ Amnesty International

Founded: 1961

Headquarters: London 🇬🇧

Purpose:

A global volunteer organization fighting for human rights 🕊️ and justice everywhere.

🔍 Human Rights Watch

Founded: 1978

Headquarters: New York 🗽

Purpose:

An NGO advocating for human rights 🧑‍⚖️ and conducting important research on violations worldwide.

❤️‍🩹 International Red Cross Society (अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय रेड क्रास सोसायटी)

🔹 This society helps all victims of war ⚔️ and internal violence (आंतरिक हिंसा) and works to enforce rules that limit armed violence. 🛑🔫

🌿 Greenpeace (ग्रीनपीस)

🔹 Founded in 1971, Greenpeace raises awareness worldwide 🌍 about environmental (पर्यावरण) issues and pressures governments to make laws for environmental protection 🌱🛡️.

📌 Important Questions – Class 12 Chapter 4

What are the main organs of the United Nations?
Why is India demanding a permanent seat in the Security Council?
What are the challenges faced by the UN today?
What are the functions of the IMF and World Bank?
What is the role of the General Assembly in the UN?

🔗 Related Posts:

✅ Chapter 1 – End of Bipolarity Notes
✅ Chapter 3 – Contemporary South Asia Notes
✅ Class 12 Political Science All Chapters Notes

❓ FAQs – Chapter 4: International Organization

Q1. What is the function of the UN Security Council?
A: The UNSC is responsible for maintaining peace and international security. It has 5 permanent and 10 temporary members.

Q2. Why does India want to be a permanent member of the UNSC?
A: Due to its population, military strength, economic growth, and contributions to UN peacekeeping.

Q3. What are international organizations and why are they important?
A: They are global institutions formed by countries to solve world issues like peace, development, and human rights.

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🌍 Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 4: International Organization | NCERT Notes (2025–26)

📌 Important Questions – Class 12 Chapter 4

🔗 Related Posts:

❓ FAQs – Chapter 4: International Organization

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