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Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science CBSE

  

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science CBSE

CBSE Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Our Pasts – III, Geography : Resources and Development, Civics : Social and Political Life – III Pdf free download are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT extra questions for Class 8 Social Science SST History, Geography, Civics.

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History : Our Pasts – III

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science Geography

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science Geography : Resources and Development

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science Civics

Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science Civics : Social and Political Life – III


How, When and Where Class 8 Extra Questions History Chapter 1

  

How, When and Where Class 8 Extra Questions Social Science History Chapter 1

NCERT Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 1
Define the word ‘history’.
Solution:
History is ‘a record of all known past events’.
Question 2
What are the events that are usually recorded in history books?
Solution:
The events that are usually recorded are wars, crowning of kings and events related to kingdoms and the lives of rulers.
Question 3
Mention a few other events, which if recorded, will make history more interesting to everyone.
Solution:
Historians could write about the cultural changes in society, about how people travelled and exchanged news in the olden days and about the livelihood of people in the past.
Question 4
Who created the first map of India?
Solution:
Major James Rennel an English geographer, historian and pioneer of oceanography prepared the first Map of India. He was directed by Major-General Sir Robert Clive to prepare the map.
Question 5
What do we mean by ‘time-span’ in connection with historical events?
Solution:
When a specific date cannot be fixed for an event in the past and only an approximate period can be fixed this period of time is called the time-span. When we talk about changes that took place in certain social practices specific dates cannot be fixed only a time-span can be mentioned, like ‘ people in India gave up the practice of sati during the late 19th century’.
Question 6
What did British historians in India write about?
Solution:
British historians in India wrote about the Governor Generals and Viceroys who ruled India. Their History books contained the activities, policies and achievements of the Governor Generals and nothing more. All the recorded events with specific dates were linked to the lives of these Governor Generals.
Question 7
Why is it important to have dates or time frames while writing History?
Solution:
We need dates and time-spans to divide the history book into chapters. It is necessary to give each chapter some consistency. Dates help us record history in a way that makes some sense and can be followed.
Dates also help historians to focus on those particular events about which they are writing.
Question 8
Who wrote the book ‘The History of British India’?
Solution:
‘The History of British India’ was written by James Mill. James Mill was born in 1773. He was a Scottish historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher. His greatest literary achievement was this book.
Question 9
Why did James Mill divide his book, ‘The History of British India’ into the Hindu, Muslim and British Periods?
Solution:
According to Mill before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim dictators ruled the country. There was religious intolerance, caste discrimination and superstitious practices in the Indian society. James Mill felt that only the British could bring enlightenment and happiness to the Indians by refining them. He felt that European culture, arts and law were necessary to uplift the downtrodden Indians.
So, James Mill divided his book into 3 periods; namely the Hindu, Muslim and British; to establish his view that the period before British rule was one of darkness and British rule represented all the forces of progress and civilisation.
Question 10
How were historians able to write about the last 250 years of Indian history?
Solution:
The historians were able to write about the last 250 years of Indian history from the official records maintained by the British Administration.
Question 11
How were records preserved during the British rule?
Solution:
Archives and museums were established to preserve important records.
Question 12
Write a brief note on the National Archives of India.
Solution:
The National Archives of India is the repository of non-current records of the Government of India and is holding them in trust for the use of administrators and scholars. It is an Attached Office of the Department of Culture under Ministry of Tourism & Culture. It was set up in March 1891 in Kolkata as the Imperial Record Department and subsequent to the transfer of the National Capital from Calcutta to New Delhi in 1911 it was shifted to its present building in New Delhi, in 1926.
Question 13
Apart from official records what are the other sources of information that is available to historians?
Solution:
The other sources of information that is available to historians are,
Diaries of people
Accounts of pilgrims and travellers
Autobiographies of important personalities
Popular booklets and newspapers
Books and letters written by Leaders, reformers, poets and novelists

From Trade to Territory Class 8 Extra Questions History Chapter 2

  

From Trade to Territory Class 8 Extra Questions Social Science History Chapter 2

NCERT Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

Question 1
What were the reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Solution:
The reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire were:-
Local Subadars and zamindars began asserting their authority and establishing regional kingdoms.
Powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India.
There was no effective control over the entire region in the centre.
The British started emerging as a political power.
Question 2
How and when did the British East India Company set foot in India?
Solution:
In 1600, the East India Company acquired a licence to trade, from Queen Elizabeth I, of England. The company got the sole right to trade with Eastern countries. No other company in England was given the right to trade.
Question 3
Which were the other trading Companies that came to the Indian shores?
Solution:
The Portuguese traders landed in the western coast of India, and established themselves in Goa. Later during the 17th century the Dutch also started trading in India. Soon after the Dutch the French entered the Indian shores.
Question 4
What were the commodities that these companies traded in?
Solution:
The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British companies traded in:-
Cotton
Silk
Pepper
Cloves
Cardamom
Cinnamon
Question 5
What was the result of the competition between the trading companies from different European countries?
Solution:
This competition resulted in fierce clashes between the trading companies and the sinking of each others ships. They blocked routes and prevented rival ships from moving with supplies of goods.
Question 6
How did the East India Company establish trade in India and enter the political scene?
Solution:
East India Company started its first factory in West Bengal, on the banks of the River Hugli, in 1651. As trade developed, the Company asked local merchants, who acted as middle ‘men for them, to come and settle near the ‘factory’. By 1696, the Company built a fort around the settlement of merchants. In 1698, the company got zamindari rights for 3 villages, from the Mughal ruler. Thus they entered the political scene in India.
Question 7
Give a brief note on the Battle of Plassey.
Solution:
The battle of Plassey took place on 23 June 1757 at Palashi, West Bengal, India, on the banks of the Bhagirathi River. The opponents were Siraj Ud Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.
The French East India Company sent a small contingent to fight against the British East India Company. The British East India Company used Siraj-ud-Daulah’s deposed army chief – Mir Jafar, to defeat Siraj-ud-Daulah. Siraj-ud-Daulah was captured and executed.
The Company won the battle and took the entire province of Bengal and appointed Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal.
Question 8
What were the rules followed by the British East India Company while occupying the Indian States?
Solution:
The Company did not launch an attack on a territory or state it did not know. It appointed its Residents in the Indian states. These Residents were their agents and they had to serve in the best interest of the Company and were used to interfere in the internal affairs of the state.
States were not allowed to have an independent army; they were protected by the Company’s army. The states had to pay for the maintenance of the army and if they failed to do so, a part of their territory was confiscated in lieu of the payment.
Question 9
What were the powers enjoyed by the Residents appointed by the Company?
Solution:
Residents appointed by the Company were very powerful. The Indian Nawabs were expected to agree to every rule laid down by the Resident. The Nawabs should be submissive to the British Government and this was ensured by the Resident. If any Nawab acted against the Resident, it resulted in war.
Question 10
What did Tipu Sultan do that resulted in wars against the Company?
Solution:
In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom and barred local merchants from trading with East India Company.
Tipu Sultan then started trading with the French Merchants. He also took the help of the French to modernise his army. This enraged the British and they waged wars against Tipu Sultan.
Question 11
When and between whom did the 3rd Battle of Panipat take place?
Solution:
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761 at Panipat between the Marathas and the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Abdali
Question 12
Give a brief note on the wars between the Marathas and the British East India Company?
Solution:
Three wars were fought between the British and the Marathas.
First Anglo-Maratha War: – The first war ended with the Treaty of Salbai. There was no decisive victory after this war.
Second Anglo-Maratha War: – The second war resulted in the British gaining Orissa, Agra and Delhi.
Third Anglo-Maratha War: – The third war broke the power of the Marathas. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.
Question 13
Give a brief description of Chhatrapati Shivaji.
Solution:
Chhatrapati Shivaji was one of the most able administrators and rulers in India. He was the founder of the Maratha Empire in India. With his flawless warrior skills and unlimited courage, he ruled the Deccan region, parts of central India and parts of modern day Pakistan with a firm hand. It was due to his efforts that the Mughals faced a decline in their empire. Using guerrilla warfare techniques, he was successful in annexing a major portion of the Mughal Empire.
Question 14
Describe the policy of “paramountcy”.
Solution:
Lord Hasting introduced the policy of “paramountcy” in India. Under this policy the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states.
Question 15
What was the ‘doctrine of lapse’?
Solution:
Lord Dalhousie devised a policy that was known as the Doctrine of Lapse. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become part of Company territory. One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine.

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Extra Questions History Chapter 3

  

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Extra Questions Social Science History Chapter 3

NCERT Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

Question 1
When was the ‘Diwani’ of Bengal granted to the East India Company?
Solution:
The ‘Diwani’ of Bengal was granted to the British East India Company, in 1765.
Question 2
During the Mughal rule what was the status of the ‘Diwan’?
Solution:
During the rule of the Mughal Empire, the Diwan served as the chief revenue officer of a province.
Question 3
What were the benefits reaped by the East India company as the Diwan of Bengal?
Solution:
With the appointment as the Diwan, the Company became the chief financial Administrator of Bengal. The company could now administer the land and revenue resources of Bengal and could utilize the revenue to meet the expanses of the Company.
The Company now had the liberty to trade in all the goods it wanted to.
Question 4
What were the ambitious plans of the East India Company?
Solution:
The East India Company wanted to colonise the country side and organise revenue resources. Its priority was to redefine the rights of the people. The Company was also keen to produce the crops it wanted, in India.
Question 5
Give a brief description of the ‘ryotwari system’.
Solution:
The ‘ryotwari system’ was introduced by Captain Alexander Read. This system was further developed by Thomas Munroe. According to the new system the revenue was to be collected directly from the farmers or ryots. This was necessary as the zamindari system was not prevalent in the southern regions. The lands of each farmer were separately assessed and the revenue was fixed accordingly. This system was also known as the Munro System.
Question 6
What were the disadvantages of the ryotwari system?
Solution:
The revenue fixed by the British officials in the ryotwari system was too high for the farmers. The farmers who were unable to pay the revenue left the farms. As the farmers left their farms the villages in the region wore a deserted look.
Question 7
Why did the British want to grow the ‘indigo plant’ in India?
Solution:
The indigo plant grows primarily in the tropics and this was the primary reason for the British to turn to India for the growth of the indigo plant.
By the thirteenth century Indian indigo was being used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain to dye cloth.
The demand for Indian indigo grew, as European cloth manufacturers wanted only Indian Indigo as it produced a rich blue colour. Due to this demand the price of Indian indigo rose in the European market and mediated the British to grow more indigo in the Indian soil.
Another reason was the industrialisation of Britain as this resulted in the expansion of cotton production creating an enormous new demand for cloth dyes.
Indigo production in other countries began to decline and the demand for Indian Indigo increased in European countries. This demand made the East India Company to expand the area under indigo cultivation.
Question 8
What were to the two major systems of indigo cultivation in India?
Solution:
The two major systems of indigo cultivation in India were the ‘Nij’ system of cultivation and the ‘Ryoti’ system of cultivation.
Question 9
What were the main features of the ‘Nij’ system of cultivation?
Solution:
In the ‘nij’ system of indigo cultivation the planter produced indigo in lands that he directly owned. He either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing hired labourers.
Question 10
What were the main features of the ‘Ryoti’ system of cultivation?
Solution:
Under the Ryoti system, the planters forced the ryots or peasants to sign a contract. The village headman was also forced to sign an agreement on behalf of the ryots. The peasants received a loan from the planters to cultivate their land. Due to this the peasants were forced to cultivate indigo in 25% of their land.
The peasants received seeds and ploughs for cultivation from the Planters. They had to cultivate the crop and harvest it. The harvested indigo crop had to be given to the planters.
Question 11
Give a brief description of the method of producing indigo dye?
Solution:
The indigo leaves were fermented in a steeping vat. Then the liquid was extracted and oxidized in a beating vat. Finally a blue precipitate was allowed to form from the liquid in a settling vat. This precipitate was collected, dried, and compacted. This dried compacted material is the indigo dye.
Question 12
When did the ‘Blue rebellion’ break-out?
Solution:
Indian farmers rebelled against being forced to grow indigo plants. In March 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo. This was known as the ‘Blue rebellion’.
Question 13
What were the findings of the Indigo Commission?
Solution:
The Indigo Commission was set up to enquire into the system of indigo production. The Commission declared that the Planters were unfair and that the farmers were not paid enough for their toil. The Commission also stated that in future the farmers could refuse to grow indigo plants and the Planters did not have a right to force them.
Question 14
What was the out come of the Blue Rebellion?
Solution:
After the ‘Blue Rebellion’, indigo production collapsed in Bengal. Planters shifted their operation to Bihar.

Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age NCERT Class 8 History SST Extra Questions

  

Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age NCERT Class 8 History SST Extra Questions

Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age NCERT Class 8 History SST Extra Questions

Question 1
Name the notable tribes in India.
Solution:
The notable tribes in India were

  • The Bodos of Assam
  • The Gonds of Central India
  • The Kurumbars of South India
  • The Todas of the Nilgiri plateau
  • The Mundas of Jharkhand

Question 2
What were the activities of the Tribals?
Solution:
Tribal people in different parts of India were involved in a variety of activities. They were

  • Shifting Cultivation
  • Hunting & Gathering forest produce
  • Herding animals settled cultivation

Question 3
Write a short note on ‘shifting cultivation’.
Solution:
In shifting cultivation a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. Small patches of land in forests were used for this kind of cultivation. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground. The ashes of burnt trees were mixed with the soil to fertilize it. The tribals used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready it was harvested.
After the soil lost its fertility, the land was abandoned and the cultivator moved to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Shifting cultivation usually starts with cutting trees and a fire which clears a spot for crop production. In the ideal case, shifting cultivation is a cycle where farmers come back to the original place after a couple of years
Question 4
How did the status of the tribal chiefs change after the British established power in India?
Solution:
The powers of the tribal chiefs changed after the British came to power. The chiefs did not have any administrative powers, they were only allowed to keep their land and rent them out if they wanted to. The tribal chiefs had to pay tribute to the British, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British. The chiefs lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people, and were unable to fulfil their traditional functions
Question 5
Why did the British dislike ‘shifting cultivators’?
Solution:
The British did not like people moving from place to place, as was the case with shifting cultivators. They wanted tribal groups to settle down and become settled cultivators as it would be easier to control and administer people who were in one place. The British also found it easy to collect revenue from people who were settled in one place and maintain records on them.
Question 6
What is ‘Land Settlement Act’ and why was it enforced?
Solution:
Land Settlement Act which was enforced by the British defined the rights of each individual to a measured piece of land, and fixed the revenue for that piece of land, which had to be paid to the British. The British enforced this law as they wanted a regular revenue source from the states.
Question 7
What are ‘Reserved forests’?
Solution:
Some forests were classified as Reserved Forests by the British as they produced timber which they wanted. The tribals were not allowed to move freely in these forests and practice Shifting cultivation. They were also not allowed to collect fruits or hunt animals in the reserved forests.
Question 8
Mention the 2 rebellions that took place as a protest against forest laws.
Solution:
Many tribals were against the Forest Laws and rebelled against it. Some tribals also rose in open rebellion against the British. They were

  • Sonogram Sangma in 1906 in Assam
  • The forest Satyagraha of the 1930s in the Central Provinces.

Question 9
Write a short note on the Santhals of Jharkhand.
Solution:
Santhals are the third largest tribe in India. They are mostly found in the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam. Santhals belong to the Pre Aryan period. They were the great fighters during the British regime in India.
They wagged war against the Permanent Settlement Act enforced by Lord Cornwallis in 1855. During the late 1850s, Santhals hero Sidhu had accumulated around 10 thousand Santhals to run a parallel government against the British government.
Santhals speak Santhali language, which belongs to the Austro- Asiatic language family. The livelihood of the Santhals revolves around the forests they live in. They fulfil their basic needs from the trees and plants of the forests. The also cultivated silk warms.
An animal sacrifice to the Gods was a common practice among the Santhals to appease the Gods and Goddess.
Santhals mainly celebrate the Karam festival which falls in the month of September and October. It is the tradition among the Santhals to grow the Karam tree outside their house after the purification process.

When People Rebel and After NCERT Class 8 History SST Extra Questions

  

When People Rebel and After NCERT Class 8 History SST Extra Questions

When People Rebel and After NCERT Class 8 History SST Extra Questions

Question 1
What happened to the Nawabs when the British established political power in India?
Solution:
When the British established political power in India, the Nawabs and Rajas lost their authority and honour.
British Residents were stationed in all the courts to monitor the proceeding, thus undermining the authority of the Nawabs. The Nawabs’ armies were disbanded and the freedom of the rulers was reduced. The revenue collected by the Nawabs was taken by the British and their territory was also seized.
Question 2
Who was Nana Saheb?
Solution:
Nana Saheb was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II.
Question 3
What did Nana Saheb want of the British?
Solution:
When Peshwa Baji Rao II died, Nana Saheb pleaded with the British to give him his father’s pension. The British refused to do so, as they had the military power to defeat Nana Saheb, in case he revolted.
Question 4
What were the grievances of the Sepoys?
Solution:
The Sepoys were unhappy about their pay, allowances and conditions of service. The new rules violated their religious sensibilities and beliefs. In 1824 the Sepoys were asked to go to Burma by the sea route to fight for the Company. The Sepoys refused to do so as they believed that if they crossed the sea they would lose their religion and caste. The Sepoys were severely punished for not obeying the British. In 1856 the Company passed a new law which stated that every new person who took up employment in the Company’s army had to agree to serve overseas if required. The Sepoys were unhappy with this new law.
Question 5
What were the reforms introduced by the British?
Solution:
Laws were passed to stop the practice of sati and to encourage the remarriage of widows. English-language education was actively promoted. In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier. This law allowed an Indian who had converted to Christianity to inherit the property of his ancestors.
Question 6
What is Sati?
Solution:
Sati is a funeral practice among some Hindu communities in which a recently widowed woman would immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre.
Question 7
What was the Sepoy mutiny called and when did it start?
Solution:
The Sepoy mutiny started in March 1857 and was known as the First war for independence against the British.
Question 8
What were the causes of the Sepoy Mutiny?
Solution:
There were many causes for the Sepoy mutiny.
Political causes
The policy of annexation created panic and a feeling of insecurity among the rulers of various states. Corruption and inefficiency in the administration further created political unrest and the Indians wanted to get rid of the British.
Social causes
The continuous interference of English in the basic way of living, traditional beliefs, values and norms was seen by the Indian masses as threat to their religion.
The activities of the Christian missionaries, whose objective was to convert people to their faith, led to people’s believe that the British Government wanted to eradicate their caste and convert them to Christianity.
Economic causes
The general discontentment grew rapidly and strongly among the Indian soldiers. Most of the Indian soldiers in the East India Company’s army came from peasant families which were deeply affected by their impoverished status.
Religious causes
The Sepoys were convinced that the English were conspiring to convert them to Christianity. Superior civil and military officers abused the name of Ram and Muhammad. Idolatry was denounced. Hindu gods and goddesses were ridiculed. The Religious Disabilities Act modified Hindu customs. This act enabled a convert to Christianity, to inherit his ancestral property. All this created resentment among the people.
Military causes
The Sepoys’ emoluments were very low in comparison with those of the British soldiers and their chances of promotion negligible. The loyalty of the Sepoys was further undermined by certain military reforms which outraged their religious feelings. They had an aversion to overseas service, as travel across the seas meant loss of caste for them.
Immediate Causes
The introduction of Greased cartridges in 1856 sparked the fire. The government decided to replace the old-fashioned musket, `Brown Begs` by the `Enfield rifle’. The loading process of the Enfield rifle involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting of the top paper. There was a rumour among the Sepoys in January 1857 that the greased cartridge contained the fat of cow and pig, the former sacred to Hindus and latter forbidden to Muslims. The Sepoys were now convinced that the introduction of greased cartridges was a deliberate attempt to defile Hindu and Muslim religion. This sparked off the Mutiny on 29th March 1857.
Question 9
What was the incidence that triggered the mutiny?
Solution:
On the 29th March 1857, a soldier by the name of Mangal Pandey of the 34th Infantry at Barrackpur rebelled by firing at an officer on command against the use of the new cartridges. This incidence triggered the mutiny.
Question 10
Trace the rebellion from Meerut to Delhi.
Solution:
On 9th May 1857, some Sepoys of the regiment at Meerut refused to do the army drill using the new cartridges. So, eighty-five Sepoys were dismissed from service and sentenced to ten years in jail for disobeying their officers.
On 10th May, the soldiers marched to the jail in Meerut and released the imprisoned Sepoys. They attacked and killed British officers. They captured guns and ammunition and set fire to the buildings and properties of the British and declared war on the firangis or foreigners.
The soldiers were determined to bring an end to the British rule in India and they wanted the country to be ruled by the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. So, the Sepoys of Meerut rode all night to reach Delhi.
As news of their arrival spread, the regiments stationed in Delhi also rose up in rebellion. British officers were killed, arms and ammunition seized, buildings were set on fire.
Triumphant soldiers gathered around the walls of the Red Fort where the Mughal Emperor lived and proclaimed him as their leader.
On 3rd July, 1857, over 3,000 rebels came from Bareilly, crossed the river Jamuna, entered Delhi, and attacked the British cavalry posts.
The Rebellion spread to many Indian states. The rulers of these states accepted the rule of the Mughal emperor again as they were threatened by the expansion of British rule.
The Mughal Emperor organised a confederacy of Indian states to fight the British.
Question 11
Give a brief account of Tantia Tope.
Solution:
Tantia Tope, like other freedom fighters, was one of the great heroes who fought courageously for India’s freedom in 1857. Tantia, the name of terror for the English, was the one who shook the established niche of the British Empire. He was constantly fighting to win over the whole of India but unfortunately he was betrayed by one of his friend. The British caught hold of him and hung him to death on April 18, 1859. He is considered as one of the important freedom fighters of India.

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