📚 Class 9 Geography Notes – Chapter 6: Population | Census, Literacy, Health & NPP 2000

📚 Class 9 Geography Notes – Chapter 6: Population | Census, Literacy, Health & NPP 2000

Adolescents
Published on By Amresh Academy

 

📚 Class 9 Social Science – Geography

💠 Chapter 6: Population 💠

🌍 Census (जनगणना)

📌 Definition:
📖 A census is an official enumeration (गणना) of population done periodically.

📜 Census in India

  • 📅 First Census: 1872 (incomplete)

  • ✅ First Complete Census: 1881

  • 🔄 Since then: Held every 10 years regularly.

👥 Total Population of India

  • 📊 As on March 2011 → 121 crore (Now more than 130 crore).

  • 🌏 Accounts for 17.5% of the world population.

  • 📌 Fun Fact: Equal to combined population of USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh & Japan!

🏆 Most Populous State (सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाला राज्य)

  • Uttar Pradesh → Population 19,92,81,477 (2011)

  • 🗺 Holds 16% of India’s total population.

🌿 Least Populous State (सबसे कम जनसंख्या वाला राज्य)

  • Sikkim → Population 6,07,688 (2011)

🖐 States with Half of India’s Population

📌 Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.

📏 Population Density (जनसंख्या घनत्व)

  • Definition: Number of persons per unit area.

  • India (2011): 382 persons per sq. km.

  • Highest: Bihar – 1,102 persons/sq. km.

  • Lowest: Arunachal Pradesh – 17 persons/sq. km.

📈 Population Growth (जनसंख्या वृद्धि)

Definition: Change in population during a specific period (e.g., last 10 years).

1️⃣ Absolute Increase (सकल वृद्धि)

  • Formula: Later Population – Earlier Population

  • Example: 2011 – 2001 population.

2️⃣ Annual Growth Rate (वार्षिक वृद्धि दर)

  • Expressed in % per year.

  • Example: 2% p.a. = 2 persons added per 100 persons in a year.


❇️ Processes of Population Change (जनसंख्या परिवर्तन की प्रक्रियाएँ)

🔹 Population change mainly happens through 3 processes:

  1. 👶 Birth Rate (जन्म दर)

    • Number of live births per 1000 persons in a year.

  2. ⚰ Death Rate (मृत्यु दर)

    • Number of deaths per 1000 persons in a year.

  3. 🚶 Migration (प्रवासन) – Movement of people across regions & territories.

    • Internal Migration (आंतरिक) → Within the country.

    • International Migration (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय) → Between countries.

💡 Note: Internal migration doesn’t change the size of the population but changes distribution within the country.

📌 Migration greatly affects the composition & distribution of population.

❇️ Age Composition (आयु संरचना)

🔹 Age composition is one of the basic characteristics of a population.
🔹 People are divided into 3 categories:

  1. 🧒 Children (Below 15 years) – Economically unproductive, need food, clothing, education, medical care.

  2. 🧑‍💼 Working Age (15–59 years) – Economically productive & biologically reproductive, main workforce.

  3. 👵 Aged (59+ years) – May be productive voluntarily, mostly retired.

❇️ Sex Ratio (लिंगानुपात)

🔹 Number of females per 1000 males in the population.
🔹 Important social indicator for gender equality.

📊 Sex Ratio in India: 940 females per 1000 males.

  • 🥇 Highest: Kerala – 1084

  • 🥈 Lowest: Haryana – 877

❇️ Literacy Rate (साक्षरता दर)

🔹 A person aged 7+ years who can read & write with understanding in any language is considered literate.

📊 Literacy Rate in India (2011 Census):

  • Total: 73%

  • Males: 80.9%

  • Females: 64.6%

  • 🥇 Highest: Kerala – 93.9%

  • 🥈 Lowest: Bihar – 63.82%

✅ Exam Tip:

  • Migration → Composition change

  • Birth & Death rates → Size change

  • Literacy & Sex Ratio → Social indicators



❇️ Occupational Structure (व्यवसायिक संरचना)

🔹 Occupational structure refers to the distribution of population according to types of occupation.

👷 Occupations are classified into three main types:

  1. 🌾 Primary Activities (प्राथमिक गतिविधियाँ)

    • Agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying.

  2. 🏭 Secondary Activities (द्वितीयक गतिविधियाँ)

    • Manufacturing industries, building & construction work.

  3. 💼 Tertiary Activities (तृतीयक गतिविधियाँ)

    • Transport, communication, commerce, administration, and other services.

❇️ Health (स्वास्थ्य)

🔹 Health is a crucial component of population composition and affects development.

🔹 Government initiatives have improved health significantly:

  • Death rate declined: 25 per 1000 (1951) → 7.2 per 1000 (2011)

  • Life expectancy at birth increased: 36.7 years (1951) → 67.9 years (2012)

💡 Note: Better health → Lower mortality, higher productivity.

❇️ Adolescent Population (किशोर जनसंख्या)

🔹 One of the most significant features of India’s population.

🔹 Adolescents constitute 1/5th of India’s total population, generally aged 10–19 years.

❇️ National Population Policy (NPP)

🔹 Family Planning Programme (1952) → To improve individual health & welfare.

🔹 NPP 2000 provides a policy framework:

  • Free & compulsory school education up to 14 years

  • Infant mortality rate < 30 per 1000 live births

  • Universal immunisation of children

  • Promotion of delayed marriage for girls

  • People-centered family welfare programmes

❇️ NPP 2000 and Adolescents

🔹 Focus on adolescent needs such as protection from:

  • Unwanted pregnancies

  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

🔹 Encourages:

  • Delayed marriage & childbearing

  • Education on risks of unprotected sex

  • Accessible & affordable contraceptive services

  • Food supplements & nutritional services

  • Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage

✅ Exam Tip:

  • Remember: Primary → land-based, Secondary → manufacturing, Tertiary → services

  • Adolescents = 1/5th of population → focus in NPP 2000
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