📚 Class 9 Geography Notes – Chapter 6: Population | Census, Literacy, Health & NPP 2000

📚 Class 9 Social Science – Geography

💠 Chapter 6: Population 💠

🌍 Census (जनगणना)

📌 Definition:

📖 A census is an official enumeration (गणना) of population done periodically.

📜 Census in India

📅 First Census: 1872 (incomplete)
✅ First Complete Census: 1881
🔄 Since then: Held every 10 years regularly.

👥 Total Population of India

📊 As on March 2011 → 121 crore (Now more than 130 crore).
🌏 Accounts for 17.5% of the world population.
📌 Fun Fact: Equal to combined population of USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh & Japan!

🏆 Most Populous State (सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाला राज्य)

Uttar Pradesh → Population 19,92,81,477 (2011)
🗺 Holds 16% of India’s total population.

🌿 Least Populous State (सबसे कम जनसंख्या वाला राज्य)

Sikkim → Population 6,07,688 (2011)

🖐 States with Half of India’s Population

📌 Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.

📏 Population Density (जनसंख्या घनत्व)

Definition: Number of persons per unit area.
India (2011): 382 persons per sq. km.
Highest: Bihar – 1,102 persons/sq. km.
Lowest: Arunachal Pradesh – 17 persons/sq. km.

📈 Population Growth (जनसंख्या वृद्धि)

Definition: Change in population during a specific period (e.g., last 10 years).

1️⃣ Absolute Increase (सकल वृद्धि)

Formula: Later Population – Earlier Population
Example: 2011 – 2001 population.

2️⃣ Annual Growth Rate (वार्षिक वृद्धि दर)

Expressed in % per year.
Example: 2% p.a. = 2 persons added per 100 persons in a year.

❇️ Processes of Population Change (जनसंख्या परिवर्तन की प्रक्रियाएँ)

🔹 Population change mainly happens through 3 processes:

👶 Birth Rate (जन्म दर)

Number of live births per 1000 persons in a year.

⚰ Death Rate (मृत्यु दर)

Number of deaths per 1000 persons in a year.

🚶 Migration (प्रवासन) – Movement of people across regions & territories.

Internal Migration (आंतरिक) → Within the country.
International Migration (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय) → Between countries.

💡 Note: Internal migration doesn’t change the size of the population but changes distribution within the country.

📌 Migration greatly affects the composition & distribution of population.

❇️ Age Composition (आयु संरचना)

🔹 Age composition is one of the basic characteristics of a population.

🔹 People are divided into 3 categories:

🧒 Children (Below 15 years) – Economically unproductive, need food, clothing, education, medical care.
🧑‍💼 Working Age (15–59 years) – Economically productive & biologically reproductive, main workforce.
👵 Aged (59+ years) – May be productive voluntarily, mostly retired.

❇️ Sex Ratio (लिंगानुपात)

🔹 Number of females per 1000 males in the population.

🔹 Important social indicator for gender equality.

📊 Sex Ratio in India: 940 females per 1000 males.

🥇 Highest: Kerala – 1084
🥈 Lowest: Haryana – 877

❇️ Literacy Rate (साक्षरता दर)

🔹 A person aged 7+ years who can read & write with understanding in any language is considered literate.

📊 Literacy Rate in India (2011 Census):

Total: 73%
Males: 80.9%
Females: 64.6%
🥇 Highest: Kerala – 93.9%
🥈 Lowest: Bihar – 63.82%

✅ Exam Tip:

Migration → Composition change
Birth & Death rates → Size change
Literacy & Sex Ratio → Social indicators

❇️ Occupational Structure (व्यवसायिक संरचना)

🔹 Occupational structure refers to the distribution of population according to types of occupation.

👷 Occupations are classified into three main types:

🌾 Primary Activities (प्राथमिक गतिविधियाँ)

Agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying.

🏭 Secondary Activities (द्वितीयक गतिविधियाँ)

Manufacturing industries, building & construction work.

💼 Tertiary Activities (तृतीयक गतिविधियाँ)

Transport, communication, commerce, administration, and other services.

❇️ Health (स्वास्थ्य)

🔹 Health is a crucial component of population composition and affects development.

🔹 Government initiatives have improved health significantly:

Death rate declined: 25 per 1000 (1951) → 7.2 per 1000 (2011)
Life expectancy at birth increased: 36.7 years (1951) → 67.9 years (2012)

💡 Note: Better health → Lower mortality, higher productivity.

❇️ Adolescent Population (किशोर जनसंख्या)

🔹 One of the most significant features of India’s population.

🔹 Adolescents constitute 1/5th of India’s total population, generally aged 10–19 years.

❇️ National Population Policy (NPP)

🔹 Family Planning Programme (1952) → To improve individual health & welfare.

🔹 NPP 2000 provides a policy framework:

Free & compulsory school education up to 14 years
Infant mortality rate < 30 per 1000 live births
Universal immunisation of children
Promotion of delayed marriage for girls
People-centered family welfare programmes

❇️ NPP 2000 and Adolescents

🔹 Focus on adolescent needs such as protection from:

Unwanted pregnancies
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

🔹 Encourages:

Delayed marriage & childbearing
Education on risks of unprotected sex
Accessible & affordable contraceptive services
Food supplements & nutritional services
Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage