Class 9 Geography – Natural Vegetation, Mangrove Forests & Wildlife of India | Notes & Summary

Class 9 Geography – Natural Vegetation, Mangrove Forests & Wildlife of India | Notes & Summary

CBSE Class 9
Published on By Amresh Academy

 


🌿 Class 9 Geography – Natural Vegetation & Wildlife Notes

❇️ Natural Vegetation (प्राकृतिक वनस्पति)

  • 🌱 Definition: Plant community which grows naturally without human interference for a long time.

  • 🌳 Also called Virgin Vegetation (अविकसित / मूल वनस्पति).

🌼 Types of Virgin Vegetation

  • 🔶 Endemic (स्थानीय) – Plants purely native to a place.

  • 🔶 Exotic (विदेशी) – Plants brought from another place long ago.

🌸 Flora (वनस्पति)

  • 🌿 Refers to plants of a specific region or time period.

🦋 Fauna (प्राणी जगत)

  • 🐅 Refers to animal species of a place.

🌏 Factors Affecting Flora & Fauna

  1. 🏞 Land (भूमि) –

    • Rough terrains → variety of wildlife

    • Fertile plains → agriculture

  2. 🌱 Soil (मिट्टी) –

    • Sandy soil → thorny bushes 🌵

    • Delta soil → mangroves 🌴

  3. 🌡 Temperature (तापमान) –

    • Tropical areas → variety of vegetation

    • Higher altitudes → change from forests → grasslands → tundra → alpine types

  4. ☀ Sunlight (सूर्यप्रकाश) –

    • Longer sunlight in summer → faster tree growth

  5. 🌧 Precipitation (वर्षा) –

    • Heavy rainfall → dense vegetation

    • Low rainfall → sparse vegetation

🌿 Ecosystem (पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र)

  • Interaction between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of an area.

  • Examples: Pond, river, lake, forest, grassland.

🌍 Biome (जैव क्षेत्र)

  • A very large ecosystem with distinct flora & fauna.

🌳 Importance of Forests (वनों का महत्व)

  • 🌧 Bring rainfall

  • 💨 Supply oxygen

  • 🌡 Influence climate

  • 🛡 Reduce soil erosion

  • 💧 Regulate stream flow

  • 🏭 Provide raw materials for industries

  • 👨‍🌾 Support livelihood of many



🌱 India’s Natural Vegetation (प्राकृतिक वनस्पति)

Our country India is one of the 12 mega bio-diversity (जैव-विविधता) countries of the world.

  • 🌏 47,000+ plant species → India ranks 10th in the world & 4th in Asia in plant diversity (पौधों की विविधता).

  • 🌼 15,000 flowering plants → About 6% of the world’s total flowering plants.

  • 🌿 Many non-flowering plants like ferns (फर्न), algae (शैवाल), and fungi (कवक).

  • 🐅 90,000 animal species + rich variety of fish in freshwater (मीठा पानी) & marine waters (समुद्री जल).

🏞 Types of Natural Vegetation in India

Major vegetation types found in India:

  1. 🌴 Tropical Evergreen Forests (सदाबहार वन)

  2. 🍂 Tropical Deciduous Forests (पर्णपाती वन)

  3. 🌵 Tropical Thorn Forests & Scrubs (कांटेदार वन)

  4. 🏔 Montane Forests (पर्वतीय वन)

  5. 🌊 Mangrove Forests (मैंग्रोव वन)

1️⃣ 🌴 Tropical Evergreen Forests (उष्णकटिबंधीय सदाबहार वन)

  • 📍 Found in Western Ghats, Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, upper Assam, and Tamil Nadu coast.

  • 🌧 Rainfall: 200+ cm, short dry season.

  • 🌡 Warm & wet throughout the year → dense multi-layered vegetation (घना बहु-स्तरीय वनस्पति).

  • 🍃 No definite leaf-shedding season → forests remain green all year.

🌳 Important Trees: Ebony (इबनी), Mahogany (महोगनी), Rosewood (गुलाब लकड़ी), Rubber (रबर), Cinchona (सिंकॉना).
🐾 Animals: Elephant, Monkey, Lemur, Deer.

2️⃣ 🍂 Tropical Deciduous Forests (उष्णकटिबंधीय पर्णपाती वन)

  • 🌍 Most widespread forests in India.

  • Also called Monsoon Forests (मानसून वन).

  • 🌧 Rainfall: 200–70 cm.

  • 🍂 Trees shed leaves for 6–8 weeks in dry summer.

🔹 Moist Deciduous Forests (आर्द्र पर्णपाती वन)

  • 📍 Rainfall: 200–100 cm.

  • Found in Eastern India, Himalayan foothills, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Eastern slopes of Western Ghats.

  • 🌳 Trees: Teak (सागौन), Bamboo (बाँस), Sal (साल), Shisham (शीशम), Sandalwood (चंदन), Mulberry (शहतूत).

🔹 Dry Deciduous Forests (शुष्क पर्णपाती वन)

  • 📍 Rainfall: 100–70 cm.

  • Found in Peninsular plateau, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.

  • 🌳 Trees: Teak, Sal, Peepal (पीपल), Neem (नीम).

  • 🐾 Animals: Lion, Tiger, Pig, Deer, Elephant, Lizards, Snakes, Tortoises.

3️⃣ 🌵 Tropical Thorn Forests & Scrubs (उष्णकटिबंधीय कांटेदार वन एवं झाड़ियां)

  • 📍 Rainfall: <70 cm.

  • Found in North-West India, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh.

  • 🌳 Trees are scattered, deep roots, succulent stems, and small thick leaves to reduce water loss.

🌳 Trees: Acacia (बबूल), Palms (खजूर), Euphorbia (यूफोर्बिया), Cactus (कैक्टस).
🐾 Animals: Rats, Rabbits, Fox, Wolf, Tiger, Lion, Camel, Wild Ass, Horses.

4️⃣ 🏔 Montane Forests (पर्वतीय वन)

  • Found in mountain areas.

  • 🌿 Wet temperate forests → 1000–2000 m height.

  • 🌱 Above 3600 m → Alpine vegetation (उच्च पर्वतीय वनस्पति).

  • 🐐 Alpine grasslands used for grazing (चराई).

  • ❄️ Higher altitudes → Mosses (काई) & Lichens (लाइकेन) form Tundra vegetation.

🌳 Trees: Silver Fir (चांदी फ़र), Junipers (जुनिपर), Pines (चीड़), Birches (भोजपत्र).
🐾 Animals: Kashmir Stag, Wild Sheep, Yak, Snow Leopard, Red Panda, Ibex, Bear.



🌱 Natural Vegetation (प्राकृतिक वनस्पति)

🔹 Definition – A plant community that grows naturally without human interference for a long time.
🔹 Also called Virgin Vegetation (कुँवारी/मूल वनस्पति).

🌳 Types of Virgin Vegetation

1️⃣ Endemic (स्वदेशी) – Plants native to a place.
2️⃣ Exotic (विदेशी) – Plants brought from other regions long ago.

🌿 Flora & 🐾 Fauna

  • Flora 🌱 – Plants of a particular region or period.

  • Fauna 🐅 – Animals of a particular region or period.

⚡ Factors Affecting Flora & Fauna

Factor

Explanation

🏞 Land

Nature of land affects vegetation – rough terrain → wildlife; fertile land → agriculture.

🌍 Soil

Sandy soil → thorny bushes; deltaic soil → mangroves.

🌡 Temperature

Tropical areas → diverse vegetation; higher altitude → temperate forest → grassland → tundra → alpine.

☀ Sunlight

Longer summer daylight → faster tree growth.

🌧 Precipitation

Heavy rainfall → dense forests; low rainfall → sparse vegetation.

🌏 Ecosystem (पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र)

🔹 Interaction between biotic components (जीवित घटक) and abiotic components (अजीव घटक).
💡 Examples – Pond, River, Lake, Forest, Grassland.

🌎 Biome (जैव प्रदेश)

🔹 A large ecosystem with distinct flora & fauna.

🌳 Importance of Forests

✔ Help bring rain 🌧
✔ Supply oxygen 💨
✔ Control climate 🌡
✔ Reduce soil erosion ⛰
✔ Regulate water flow 💧
✔ Provide raw materials 🪵
✔ Give livelihood to people 👨‍🌾

🪸 Mangrove Forests (ज्वारीय वन)

  • Found in tidal coasts with mud & silt.

  • Roots submerged underwater.

  • Famous Sundari Trees in Ganga–Brahmaputra delta → provide hard timber.

  • Royal Bengal Tiger 🐅 habitat.

🐅 Wildlife in India

  • 90,000 animal species 🐘

  • 2,000 bird species 🦜

  • 2,546 fish species 🐟

  • 5–8% of world’s amphibians, reptiles, and mammals 🦎

📍 Distribution of Wildlife

  • 🐘 Elephants – Assam, Karnataka, Kerala

  • 🦏 One-horned Rhinoceros – Assam, West Bengal

  • 🫏 Wild Ass – Rann of Kachchh

  • 🐫 Camel – Thar Desert

  • 🦁 Indian Lion – Gir Forest (Gujarat)

  • 🐅 Tiger – Madhya Pradesh, Sundarbans, Himalayas

  • ❄ Yak, Tibetan Antelope, Bharal – Ladakh

  • 🐢 Turtles, Crocodiles, Gharials – Rivers, Lakes, Coasts

  • 🦚 Peacocks, Pheasants, Ducks, Parakeets – Wetlands & Forests

⚠ Threats to Wildlife

🚫 Hunting for trade
🚫 Industrial & chemical pollution
🚫 Deforestation for farming & housing

🛡 Steps Taken for Protection

  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 🏛

  • 14 Biosphere Reserves 🏞

  • Government aid to Botanical Gardens (since 1992) 🌱

  • Projects – Tiger, Rhino, Great Indian Bustard 🐅🦏🦅

  • 89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife Sanctuaries, Zoological Gardens 🐾
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