📘 Class 10 Geography
🌍 Chapter 6 – Manufacturing Industries
🏭 Importance of Manufacturing (महत्व)
✅ Backbone of Development (विकास की रीढ़)
- Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture (आधुनिक कृषि) by providing machinery, fertilisers, etc.
- Provide jobs in secondary (उद्योग) & tertiary (सेवा) sectors.
- Helps in reducing unemployment (बेरोजगारी) & poverty (गरीबी).
- Exports of manufactured goods boost trade, commerce & earn foreign exchange (विदेशी मुद्रा).
- Strengthens the economy (अर्थव्यवस्था) and helps in the prosperity of the country.
📊 Contribution of Industry to National Economy
- Manufacturing sector growth = around 7% per annum in the last decade.
- A key contributor to GDP (सकल घरेलू उत्पाद) and overall national progress.
📌 Industrial Location (औद्योगिक स्थान)
Industrial locations depend on:
- 🪨 Raw Material (कच्चा माल)
- 👷 Labour (श्रमिक)
- 💰 Capital (पूंजी)
- ⚡ Power (ऊर्जा)
- 🛒 Market (बाज़ार)
- 🏢 Government Policies (सरकारी नीतियाँ)
👉 Industries locate at places where these factors are easily available at low cost.
🔗 Industry–Market Linkage (उद्योग-बाज़ार संबंध)
📌 Industries are set up near raw material sources or markets, depending on cost efficiency.
🌱 Agro-Based Industries
👕 Textile Industry
- Only self-reliant industry in India (raw material → finished goods).
- Contributes to production, employment & exports.
🧵 Cotton Textiles
- Linked with agriculture.
- Provides livelihood to farmers, workers in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, tailoring etc.
- Supports allied industries – chemicals, dyes, packaging, engineering.
🌿 Jute Textiles
- India = largest producer of raw jute & jute goods.
- Mills mainly in West Bengal (Hugli River banks).
🍬 Sugar Industry
- India = 2nd largest producer of sugar.
- 1st in Gur & Khandsari production.
- Seasonal industry.
⚒️ Mineral-Based Industries
🏗 Iron & Steel Industry
- Called the basic industry (all other industries depend on it).
- Heavy industry – raw materials & products are bulky.
- Problems:
- High cost & less availability of coking coal
- Low labour productivity
- Irregular energy supply
- Poor infrastructure
🛩 Aluminium Smelting
- 2nd most important metallurgical industry.
- Uses bauxite as raw material.
- Properties:
- Light in weight
- Corrosion-resistant
- Good conductor of heat
- Malleable & strong when alloyed
⚗ Chemical Industry
- Two types:
- Inorganic chemicals → sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda ash, caustic soda.
- Organic chemicals → petrochemicals (plastics, synthetic fibres, rubber, dyes, drugs).
- Both large & small-scale industries.
🌾 Fertilizer Industry
- Produces: Nitrogenous (urea), Phosphatic, DAP & complex fertilizers.
- Major states: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab, Kerala.
🏗 Cement Industry
- Essential for construction (houses, dams, factories, bridges, roads, airports).
- Requires limestone, silica, gypsum (bulky raw materials).
🚗 Automobile Industry
- Produces trucks, buses, cars, scooters, motorcycles, 3-wheelers.
- Centres: Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bengaluru.
💻 IT & Electronics Industry
- Products: TVs, telephones, cell phones, computers, telecom equipment.
- Provides huge employment.
- Bengaluru = Electronic Capital of India.
🌫 Industrial Pollution & Environmental Degradation
Types of Pollution
- 🌬 Air Pollution – SO₂, CO, smoke from factories, burning fossil fuels.
- 💧 Water Pollution – Industrial waste & effluents (paper, pulp, textiles, dyes, refineries).
- 🌍 Land Pollution – Dumping of industrial waste.
- 🔊 Noise Pollution – Machinery, factories, transport (causes stress, hearing loss).
🌱 Control of Environmental Degradation
- ♻ Reuse & recycle water.
- 🌧 Harvest rainwater.
- 🏭 Treat hot water & effluents before releasing into rivers.
- 🌬 Use filters, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators.
- 🔥 Use oil/gas instead of coal in factories.
- ⚡ Energy-efficient machinery → less noise & pollution.
✅ Exam Tip: Manufacturing industries = backbone of Indian economy. Always link industries with their raw material, location & contribution in answer writing.
