Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Geography Notes | Types, Distribution, Uses, Conservation

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Geography Notes | Types, Distribution, Uses, Conservation

CBSE Class 10 Geography
Published on By Amresh Academy

 

📚 Class 10 Geography

💠 Chapter 5 – Minerals and Energy Resources 💠

🌍 What is a Mineral?

🔹 A mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure (समान गुणों वाला प्राकृतिक रूप से पाया जाने वाला पदार्थ)।
🔹 Examples – Diamond (hardest) 💎 & Talc (softest) 🪨
🔹 Rocks = Combination of minerals.

🏞 Mode of Occurrence of Minerals (खनिजों की उपस्थिति का तरीका)

✅ Minerals are usually found in ores (खनिज अयस्क).
Forms of occurrence:
1️⃣ In igneous & metamorphic rocks → cracks, crevices, faults, joints.
2️⃣ In sedimentary rocks → in layers or beds.
3️⃣ By decomposition of surface rocks → soluble parts removed.
4️⃣ As alluvial deposits in sands of valleys & foothills.
5️⃣ In ocean waters 🌊 → large mineral reserves.

🪨 Classification of Minerals (खनिजों का वर्गीकरण)

🔹 Ferrous Minerals (लौह खनिज)

👉 Account for ¾ of total metallic minerals value.

Iron Ore (लौह अयस्क)

  • 🇮🇳 India has abundant reserves.

  • Magnetite → Best quality (70% iron, magnetic).

  • Hematite → Most important for industries (50–60% iron).

Major Iron Ore Belts in India:

  • Odisha–Jharkhand belt

  • Durg–Bastar–Chandrapur belt

  • Ballari–Chitradurga–Chikkamagaluru–Tumakuru belt

  • Maharashtra–Goa belt

Manganese (मैंगनीज)

  • Used in steel & ferro-manganese alloy.

  • 10 kg manganese → for 1 tonne of steel.

  • Other uses → bleaching powder, insecticides, paints.

🔹 Non-Ferrous Minerals (गैर-लौह खनिज)

Includes → Copper, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc, Gold

Copper (तांबा)

  • Properties → malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat & electricity ⚡

  • Uses → electrical cables, electronics, chemical industries.

  • Major mines → Balaghat (M.P.), Khetri (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand).

Bauxite (बॉक्साइट)

  • Formed by decomposition of aluminium-rich rocks.

  • Source of Aluminium → lightweight, strong, corrosion-resistant.

  • Deposits → Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, Bilaspur–Katni plateau.

🪨 Non-Metallic Minerals

  • Mica

    • Made up of a series of plates or leaves.

    • Colours – clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.

    • Indispensable in electric & electronic industries ⚡.

    • Properties:

      • Excellent di-electric strength

      • Low power loss factor

      • High insulation & resistance to voltage

    • Deposits: Found on the northern edge of Chota Nagpur plateau.

🏔️ Rock Minerals

  • Limestone

    • Found in rocks with calcium carbonates or calcium & magnesium carbonates.

    • Uses:

      • Raw material for cement industry 🏗️

      • Essential for smelting iron ore in blast furnaces.

🌱 Conservation of Minerals

  • Minerals = Non-renewable resource ⏳

  • Formation takes thousands of years.

  • Over-extraction = Depletion 🚫

  • Need: Planned & sustainable use ✅

⚡ Energy Resources

🔹 Types of Energy Resources

  1. Conventional Sources

    • Firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity.

  2. Non-Conventional Sources

    • Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, atomic energy.

🔋 Conventional Sources of Energy

🏭 Coal

  • Most abundant fossil fuel.

  • Uses: Power generation, industry, domestic needs.

  • Types:

    • Lignite → Low-grade brown coal (soft, high moisture).

    • Bituminous → Buried deep, higher temperature (better quality).

    • Anthracite → Best quality, hard coal.

  • Major coalfields: Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro.

🛢️ Petroleum

  • Provides fuel, lubricants, raw materials for industries.

  • Refineries = “Nodal Industry” (linked with textile, fertilizer, chemical industries).

  • Major areas: Mumbai High, Gujarat, Assam.

🔥 Natural Gas

  • Clean, environment-friendly fuel 🌱

  • Used in: Power & fertilizer industries.

  • CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) → Used in vehicles 🚗

  • Major reserves: Krishna-Godavari basin.

⚡ Electricity

  • Two types:

  1. Hydro Electricity

    • From running water (renewable).

    • Projects: Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, Kopili Hydel Project.

  2. Thermal Power

    • From coal, petroleum, natural gas (non-renewable).

🌍 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

🔆 Definition:
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal, biomass, and energy from waste materials are called Non-Conventional Sources of Energy.

⚛ Nuclear or Atomic Energy

  • Produced by altering the structure of atoms.

  • Uranium and Thorium are the main fuels.

  • Generates a huge amount of electricity.

☀ Solar Energy

  • Energy obtained from the Sun’s light.

  • Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.

  • Best suited for dry and sunny regions of India.

🌬 Wind Power

  • Electricity generated from the power of wind.

  • Uses wind turbines.

  • Largest wind farm cluster in India → Tamil Nadu (Nagercoil to Madurai).

🐄 Biogas

  • Produced from the decomposition of organic waste.

  • Most efficient use of cattle dung.

  • Provides both electricity and organic manure.

🌊 Tidal Energy

  • Energy generated from tides.

  • Mainly used for electricity production.

  • Major sites in India →

    • Gulf of Khambhat 🌊

    • Gulf of Kachchh 🌊 (Gujarat)

    • Sundarbans Delta 🌿 (West Bengal)

🔥 Geo-Thermal Energy

  • Heat and electricity produced from Earth’s internal heat.

  • Major sites in India →

    • Parvati Valley, Manikarn (Himachal Pradesh)

    • Puga Valley, Ladakh

🛑 Conservation of Energy Resources

Energy is required in every sector → agriculture, industry, transport, commercial, and domestic.
Hence, we need a sustainable path for energy development.

✅ Ways to Conserve Energy:

  • 🚉 Use public transport instead of private vehicles.

  • 💡 Switch off electricity when not in use.

  • ⚡ Use energy-efficient devices.

  • 🌞 Promote non-conventional energy sources.
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