📘 Class 10 Geography
🌍 Chapter 7 – Lifelines of National Economy
🚊 Transport
- The movement of goods and services takes place over three domains of Earth:
- Land 🛣️
- Water ⛴️
- Air ✈️
- Hence, transport is classified into Land, Water and Air Transport.
🛣️ Roadways in India
📌 India has one of the largest road networks in the world – about 54.7 lakh km.
✅ Importance of Road Transport over Railways
- 🚗 Lower construction cost than railways
- 🏔️ Can reach difficult terrains like Himalayas
- ⛰️ Can negotiate higher slopes & mountains
- 💰 Economical & affordable
- 🚪 Provides door-to-door service
- 🔗 Connects railway stations, airports & seaports
🛤️ Classification of Roads in India
1️⃣ Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways ✨
- Connects Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai & Mumbai 🏙️
- Built under NHAI (National Highway Authority of India)
2️⃣ National Highways 🚩
- Maintained by CPWD (Central Public Works Department)
- Example: Sher Shah Suri Marg → National Highway No.1 (Delhi–Amritsar)
3️⃣ State Highways 🏛️
- Connect state capital with district HQs
- Maintained by State PWD
4️⃣ District Roads 🛤️
- Connect district HQs with other towns/villages
- Maintained by Zila Parishad
5️⃣ Other Roads 🚜
- Rural roads → connect villages with towns
- Boosted by Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana
6️⃣ Border Roads 🏔️
- Built & maintained by Border Roads Organisation (1960)
- Provide strategic connectivity in northern & north-eastern borders
🛠️ Types of Roads (by Construction Material)
- Metalled Roads 🏗️ → Cement, concrete, bitumen, coal | All-weather roads
- Unmetalled Roads 🛤️ → Mud/soil | Not usable in rainy season
🚆 Railways
- Importance:
- Principal mode of transport in India 🚉
- Best for huge loads & bulky goods (long + short distances)
- Crucial for economic growth & national integration
- Problems of Rail Transport:
- 🌊 Construction of bridges needed across wide rivers
- 🏔️ Difficult to lay tracks in hilly terrains & Himalayas (steep slopes, sparse population, fewer economic activities)
- 🏜️ Sandy deserts also make construction tough
🛢️ Pipelines
- Definition: Underground pipe network transporting fluids & slurry.
- Used for: Water, crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, fertilizers, power plants.
- Major Pipeline Networks in India:1️⃣ Upper Assam oil field ➝ Kanpur (UP)2️⃣ Salaya (Gujarat) ➝ Jalandhar (Punjab)3️⃣ Hazira (Gujarat) ➝ Jagdishpur (UP)
🚤 Waterways
- Cheapest & eco-friendly transport 🚢
- Best for heavy & bulky goods
- National Waterways (N.W.):
- 🛶 N.W. 1: Ganga (Allahabad–Haldia, 1620 km)
- 🛶 N.W. 2: Brahmaputra (Sadiya–Dhubri, 891 km)
- 🛶 N.W. 3: West-Coast Canal (Kerala, 205 km)
- 🛶 N.W. 4: Godavari–Krishna & Kakinada–Puducherry (1078 km)
- 🛶 N.W. 5: Brahmani, Matai, Mahanadi delta + East Coast Canal (588 km)
- Other Inland Waterways: Mandavi, Zuari, Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak, Kerala backwaters
⚓ Major Sea Ports of India
- Total: 13 Major Ports + ~200 Minor Ports
- Key Ports:
- ⚓ Kandla (Deendayal Port) – 1st after independence
- ⚓ Mumbai – Biggest natural harbour
- ⚓ Marmagao (Goa) – Premier iron ore exporter
- ⚓ Mangalore – Iron ore export hub
- ⚓ Kochchi – Southwestern port, lagoon entry
- ⚓ Tuticorin – Extreme southeast
- ⚓ Chennai – Oldest artificial port
- ⚓ Visakhapatnam – Deepest landlocked port
- ⚓ Paradwip (Odisha) – Iron ore export
- ⚓ Kolkata – Inland riverine port
- ⚓ Haldia – Subsidiary of Kolkata port
✈️ Airways
- Features:
- Fastest, most comfortable & prestigious 🚀
- Connects remote terrains – Himalayas, deserts, forests, oceans
- Air India – Domestic + International services
- Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. – Services for ONGC + tough terrains
- Limitations:
- Expensive ❌ Not affordable for common people
📡 Communication
- Major means: Television, radio, press, films, etc.
- Indian postal network: Largest in the world 🌎. Handles both parcels & personal written communication.
✉️ Types of Mail:
- First-class mail → Airlifted (covers land + air routes).
- Second-class mail → Includes book packets, newspapers, periodicals (sent by surface mail 🚤).
📞 Telecom Network:
- India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia.
- STD facilities available all over India due to integration of space technology with communication technology.
📺 Mass Communication:
- Provides entertainment + awareness about national programmes & policies.
- Includes radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, books, films.
- Akashwani (All India Radio) → Programs in national, regional, local languages.
- Doordarshan → One of the largest terrestrial networks globally.
- India publishes newspapers in 100+ languages & dialects.
🌐 International Trade
- Definition: Exchange of goods among people, states, countries.
- Trade between two countries = International trade.
- Considered the economic barometer (आर्थिक सूचक) of a nation.
📊 Balance of Trade:
- Favourable → Exports > Imports ✅
- Unfavourable → Imports > Exports ❌
📦 Exports from India:
- Gems & jewellery 💍
- Chemicals & allied products ⚗️
- Agriculture & allied products 🌾
📥 Imports to India:
- Petroleum (crude & products) ⛽
- Gems & jewellery 💎
- Chemicals, base metals, electronic items, machinery 🛠️
- Agriculture & allied products 🌿
🏞️ Tourism as a Trade
- 15+ million people directly engaged in tourism industry.
✨ Tourism in India helps in:
- Promoting national integration 🇮🇳
- Supporting handicrafts & cultural activities 🎭
- Developing international understanding of Indian culture & heritage 🌏
👩🎓 Types of Tourism in India:
- Heritage Tourism 🏰
- Eco-Tourism 🌱
- Adventure Tourism 🧗
- Cultural Tourism 🎶
- Medical Tourism 🏥
- Business Tourism 💼
