📘 Class 12 – Political Science
🔰 Chapter 5 – Security in the Contemporary World
(समकालीन विश्व में सुरक्षा)
❇️ Meaning of Security
🔐 Security basically means freedom from danger (खतरे से आज़ादी).
Only those threats are considered under security that endanger the core values of life (जीवन के केन्द्रीय मूल्य).
❇️ Types of Security Concepts (सुरक्षा की धारणाएँ)
🔹 Category | 🔐 Sub-Type | 🌐 Details |
🛡️ Traditional | ✅ External Threats
(बाहरी ख़तरा) | - Military Attack (सैन्य हमला)
- Genocide (जनसंहार)
- Balance of Power (शक्ति-संतुलन)
- Alliances (गठबंधन)
- Weaponization (शस्त्रीकरण) |
| 🚨 Internal Threats
(आंतरिक ख़तरा) | - Law & Order (कानून व्यवस्था)
- Separatism (अलगाववाद)
- Civil War (गृहयुद्ध) |
🌱 Non-Traditional | 👥 Human Security
(मानव सुरक्षा) | - Hunger (भूख)
- Epidemics (महामारी)
- Natural Disasters (प्राकृतिक विपदा) |
| 🌍 Global Security
(वैश्विक सुरक्षा) | - Terrorism (आतंकवाद)
- Diseases (बीमारियाँ)
- Climate Crisis (जलवायु संकट)
- New Challenges (नवीन चुनौतियाँ) |
❇️ Types of Traditional Security (पारंपरिक सुरक्षा की धारणा)
🔷 Type | 🌍 External Security (बाहरी सुरक्षा) | 🏠 Internal Security (आंतरिक सुरक्षा) |
📌 Meaning | Related to national security and protection from external military threats. | Related to internal peace, law & order, and threats within the country. |
⚔️ Main Threat | Military attack (सैन्य हमला) from another country that endangers sovereignty (संप्रभुता), freedom (स्वतंत्रता), and territorial integrity (क्षेत्रीय अखंडता). | Civil war (गृह युद्ध), public dissatisfaction (सरकार से असंतोष), and internal conflicts (आपसी लड़ाइयाँ). |
🛡️ Security Focus | Protecting the country from foreign threats. | Maintaining internal peace and control over unrest. |
👥 Source of Threat | Another country (दूसरा देश). | Own people (अपने ही देश के लोग). |
Aspect | Traditional Security 🛡️ | Non-Traditional Security 🌍 |
Focus 🎯 | Protecting countries (राष्ट्र सुरक्षा) | Protecting people and humanity (मानव सुरक्षा) |
Scope 🌐 | National borders and sovereignty (सरहद और संप्रभुता) | Global challenges like health and environment (वैश्विक चुनौतियाँ) |
Threats ⚠️ | Wars and military attacks (युद्ध और सैन्य हमले) | Disasters, diseases, and climate change (आपदाएं, बीमारियाँ, जलवायु परिवर्तन) |
Goal 🎯 | Defense and territorial safety (रक्षा और क्षेत्रीय सुरक्षा) | Well-being and survival of people (लोगों की भलाई और जीवन रक्षा) |
Responsibility 🤝 | Each country handles its own (प्रत्येक देश अपनी सुरक्षा करता है) | Requires cooperation between nations (देशों के बीच सहयोग आवश्यक) |
Examples 📌 | Wars, military alliances (युद्ध, सैन्य गठबंधन) | Pandemics, natural disasters (महामारी, प्राकृतिक आपदाएं) |
Approach 🧠 | Military strategies (सैन्य रणनीतियाँ) | Joint actions, global solutions (साझा प्रयास, वैश्विक समाधान) |
Outcome 🎉 | National security (राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा) | Human security and development (मानव सुरक्षा और विकास) |
❇️ Elements of Traditional Security Policy (परम्परागत सुरक्षा नीति के तत्व)
🔹 Balance of Power (शक्ति – संतुलन):
⚖️ A country stays alert to possible threats or wars. To keep power balanced, it boosts its military 💂♂️, economic 💰, and technological ⚙️ strength. It also makes treaties 🤝 with friendly nations to face dangers together.
🔹 Forming Alliances (गठबंधन बनाना):
🤝 Multiple countries join forces to prevent or defend against military attacks 🚫⚔️. These alliances are usually formalized with written treaties 📜 and clearly identify the common threat ⚠️. Countries form alliances to increase their strength 💪 compared to others.
❇️ New Sources of Threats (नए खतरे)
🔹 New threats include terrorism 🚨, human rights issues ✋, poverty 🌍, migration 🧳, and diseases 🦠.
🔹 Terrorism targets innocent people on purpose 🎯.
🔹 Human rights are political, social, and economic rights 🗳️💼🏫.
🔹 Poverty causes people to move for a better life 🌏➡️🌍.
🔹 Diseases spread fast due to travel ✈️.
🔹 Only serious problems affecting many are security threats .
✳️ India’s Security Strategy (भारत की सुरक्षा रणनीति)
🔶 India’s security depends on 4 key parts:
1️⃣ Strengthening military power (सैन्य शक्ति) 💪 – Important due to conflicats (संघर्ष) with neighbors.
2️⃣ Supporting international rules (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानदंड) and organizations (संस्थान) 🌐 – To protect security interests (सुरक्षा हित) globally.
3️⃣ Preparing to face internal security challenges (आंतरिक सुरक्षा चुनौतियाँ) 🛡️ – Handling problems inside the country.
4️⃣ Developing the economy (अर्थव्यवस्था) 📈 – To reduce poverty (गरीबी) and improve lives of citizens.
❇️ Important Notes (कुछ महत्वपूर्ण नोट)
🔶 Arms Control (हथियार नियंत्रण): Controlling the acquisition (अधिग्रहण) of weapons. ⚔️
🔶 Disarmament (निरस्त्रीकरण): Giving up certain weapons to avoid mass destruction (सामूहिक विनाश). 🚫
🔶 Confidence Building (कॉन्फिडेंस बिल्डिंग): Sharing military plans (सैन्य योजनाएँ) between countries to build trust (भरोसा). 🤝
🔶 Global Poverty (वैश्विक गरीबी): Condition of countries with low income (कम आय) and less development (विकास). 💸
🔶 Migration (प्रवास): Movement (स्थानांतरण) of people from one state (राज्य) to another. 🚶♂️➡️🏙️
