🎓 Class 11 – Political science
📘 Chapter 6: Judiciary
📚 Book: constitution at work
📅 Session: 2025–26
👨🏫 Presented by: Amresh kumar
🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy
🏛️✨ Judiciary (न्यायपालिका)
⚖️ The Judiciary is the third important organ of the government which acts as an arbitrator (निर्णायक) in disputes between individuals or private entities.
🛡️ It protects the Rule of Law (कानून का शासन) and ensures the Supremacy of Law (कानून की सर्वोच्चता) in the country.
🕊️ For justice to be fair, the judiciary must be independent, free from political pressure, and accountable to the Constitution, Democracy, and People (जनता).
🚫 Neither the Legislature (विधायिका) nor the Executive (कार्यपालिका) should interfere in its work.
👩⚖️ Judges should perform their duties without fear or discrimination (भय या भेदभाव के बिना) so that justice remains equal and impartial (निष्पक्ष न्याय).
⚖️🏛️ Establishment of Judiciary (न्यायपालिका की स्थापना)
📜 Under the Government of India Act 1935, provision was made for the establishment of the Federal Court (संघीय न्यायालय).
📅 The Federal Court of India was established on 1 October 1937.
👨⚖️ Its first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer.
🇮🇳 After India’s Independence, the Supreme Court (सर्वोच्च न्यायालय) was inaugurated on 28 January 1950 in Delhi.
🏔️ Pyramidal Structure of Judiciary (न्यायपालिका की पिरामिडीय संरचना)
📚 This structure ensures uniform justice (समान न्याय) and easy appeal process (अपील की सुविधा) across the country.
⚖️🕊️ Independence of Judiciary (न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता)
💡 The Independence of Judiciary means that the Legislature (विधायिका) and Executive (कार्यपालिका) should not interfere in the work of the Judiciary (न्यायपालिका).
🚫 कोई भी अंग न्यायपालिका के कार्यों में हस्तक्षेप नहीं करता, ताकि वह निष्पक्ष (fair) और सही ढंग से (properly) न्याय दे सके।
🌟 Therefore, the judiciary must remain Independent (स्वतंत्र) and Impartial (निष्पक्ष) to ensure Justice for All (सभी के लिए न्याय).
🏛️⚖️ Constitution of Supreme Court (सुप्रीम कोर्ट की संरचना)
📜 Article 124(1) of the Constitution provides the provisions for the Supreme Court.
👨⚖️ Original Constitution:
•8 judges in total
•1 Chief Justice 🧑⚖️
•7 other judges 👩⚖️
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🏛️ Parliament Powers:
•Decide number of judges ➕
•Define jurisdiction ⚖️
•Set salary & conditions 💰
📈 Current Status:
•Total number of judges 31 ⚡
•Number increased by Parliament from time to time ⏳
🏛️⚖️ Constitution of High Court (उच्च न्यायालय की संरचना)
📜 Provisions: Articles 214 to 232, Part 6 of the Constitution 🏛️
👩⚖️ Structure:
•Highest Court of the State (राज्य का सर्वोच्च न्यायालय)
•Consists of Chief Justice (मुख्य न्यायाधीश) + other judges appointed by the President under Article 216 👥
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🔢 Number of Judges:
•Not fixed, varies as per requirement 📈
•Can be extended by the President 🛡️
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📅 Current Status:
•Total number of High Courts in India: 24 🇮🇳
👨⚖️⚖️ Judge & Appointment (न्यायधीश और नियुक्ति)
🏛️ Judge (न्यायधीश)
•Must have experience in advocacy (अभियोजन का अनुभव) or be legal expert (कानूनी विशेषज्ञ) 📚
•Has a fixed tenure ⏳
•Remains in post till retirement (सेवानिवृत्ति तक) 🧓
•Can be removed only in special circumstances (विशेष परिस्थितियों में ही हटाए जा सकते हैं) 🚫
•Judiciary is financially independent from Legislature & Executive 💰🛡️
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🏛️ Appointment of Judges (न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति)
•Influenced by: Cabinet (कैबिनेट), Governor (राज्यपाल), Chief Minister (मुख्यमंत्री) & Chief Justice of India 👥
•Chief Justice Tradition: Senior-most judge of Supreme Court usually becomes CJI, broken 2 times in India ⚡
•President appoints other judges of Supreme Court & High Courts on advice of CJI 🏛️
•Ensures independence of court & balance of power (संतुलन और स्वतंत्रता) ⚖️
🏛️ Appointment of Chief Justice (सुप्रीम कोर्ट के मुख्य न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति)
•Appointed by the President of India (भारत के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा नियुक्त) 🇮🇳
👨⚖️⚖️ Qualifications & Tenure of Supreme Court Judges (सुप्रीम कोर्ट न्यायाधीशों की योग्यता और कार्यकाल)
🏛️ Qualifications (योग्यता)
•Must be a citizen of India (भारत का नागरिक) 🇮🇳
•Should have been a Judge of a High Court for at least 5 years ⏳
OR an Advocate in one or more High Courts for at least 10 consecutive years 📚
•Must be an accomplished jurist in the eyes of the President (राष्ट्रपति के दृष्टिकोण में योग्य न्यायविद) 👁️
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🕰️ Tenure (कार्यकाल)
•All Supreme Court judges (including Chief Justice) hold office till the age of 65 years 🎂
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🛑⚖️ Procedure for Removal of Supreme Court Judges (सुप्रीम कोर्ट न्यायाधीशों को हटाने की प्रक्रिया)
🌟 This ensures judicial accountability (न्यायपालिका की जवाबदेही) while protecting independence (स्वतंत्रता की सुरक्षा) of judges.
🏛️⚖️ Supreme Court Jurisdiction (सुप्रीम कोर्ट का क्षेत्राधिकार)
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⚖️🛡️ Privileges & Judicial Activism (न्यायपालिका की विशेषताएँ और न्यायिक सक्रियता)
Appeal Privilege: Hearing on appeal via special live petition from decisions of Indian courts 📜
Public Interest Litigation (PIL): Main tool of judicial activism in India 🏛️
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Post 1979-80:
•Judges took interest in cases where certain sections of society couldn’t access courts easily 🙏
•Civil & social organizations + lawyers could file petitions on behalf of needy & poor 👩⚖️👨⚖️
Impact:
•Democratized judicial system ⚖️
•Made executive accountable 🏛️
•Promoted free & fair elections 🗳️
•Candidates required to disclose property, income, education 📝
🏛️⚖️ Functions of Courts in India (भारत में न्यायालयों के कार्य)
⚖️🚫 Negative Aspects of Active Judiciary (सक्रिय न्यायपालिका के नकारात्मक पहलू)
📚 Increased workload: Judicial activism has added more cases to the judiciary ⚡
⚖️ Blurred lines of powers: Difficult to differentiate between Legislature, Executive & Judiciary
•Examples: tackling air/noise pollution, checking corruption, electoral reforms 🌍
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🤝 Respect for powers: Each branch of government should honor the powers & jurisdiction of others 🏛️
⚖️🛡️ Right of Judicial Review (न्यायिक समीक्षा का अधिकार)
🏛️ Judicial Review: SC can examine constitutionality of any law
•If law contradicts Constitution, SC can declare it unconstitutional ❌
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🤝 Federal Relations: Can exercise review in Centre-State disputes
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📜 Law Interpretation: Interprets laws passed by legislature and Constitution
🛡️ Protects Civil Rights: Safeguards citizens' rights
👩⚖️ PIL Impact: Public Interest Litigations increase judiciary’s power and protect citizens’ authority
🏛️⚖️ Judiciary and Parliament (न्यायपालिका और संसद)
⚖️ Separation of Powers: Each organ of government has a clear mandate 📜
🤝 Conflicts: Despite division, conflicts exist between Parliament & Judiciary and Executive & Judiciary ⚡
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💰 Right to Property: Judicial review ensures protection of property rights 🏠
📝 Constitution Amendments: Judiciary can examine Parliament’s power to amend Constitution
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🛡️ Fundamental Rights: Cannot be limited arbitrarily by Parliament
⏱️ Preventive Detention Act & Reservation Laws: Judiciary ensures laws respect Constitution & rights 📌
🏛️⚖️ Supreme Court’s Decision (1973) – Basic Structure (सुप्रीम कोर्ट का फैसला 1973)
📜 Basic Structure Doctrine:
•Constitution has a basic structure which no one, including Parliament, can alter ⚡
•Constitutional amendments cannot change it ❌
💰 Right to Property:
•Not part of basic structure, can be restricted appropriately 🏠
👩⚖️ Judicial Power of Interpretation:
•Court decides what is part of basic framework
•Shows Supreme Court’s power to interpret the Constitution 🔍
🤝 Parliament vs Judiciary:
•Conflicts remain on certain issues ⚡
•Judges’ conduct generally cannot be discussed in Parliament 🛡️
•Judiciary has criticized legislature on occasions
🌟 Democracy:
•Mutual respect between government organs is essential for healthy democracy 🇮🇳
