📘 Chapter 3: Human Development
📚 Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography (NCERT)
📅 Session: 2025–26
👨🏫 Presented by: Khanak Peshin
🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy
Growth vs Development
📌 Meaning:
🔹 Both show changes over time (समय के साथ बदलाव)
📊 Growth:
📏 Quantitative (मात्रात्मक)
⚖️ Value-neutral – not always positive
➕➖ Change can be positive or negative
🌱 Development:
✨ Qualitative (गुणात्मक) change
✅ Always value-positive
📈 Happens when positive growth takes place
Human Development Concept
👨🏫 Concept by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq
🧠 Development = enlarging people’s choices
❤️ Goal: To improve lives
🔑 Key Areas:
🔹 Access to resources
🔹 Good health
🔹 Quality education
🛠️ Focus:
Build capabilities in health, education & resources
👉 To expand real choices (विकल्प बढ़ाना)
🧱 The Four Pillars of Human Development
1️⃣ Equity ⚖️
🔹 Equal access to opportunities for all
🔹 No discrimination by gender, race, income or caste
🔹 सभी को समान अवसर मिलने चाहिए
2️⃣ Sustainability 🌱
🔹 Opportunities should continue for future generations
🔹 Use resources wisely – environmental, financial, human
🔹 Misuse will reduce future options ❌
3️⃣ Productivity ⚙️
🔹 Refers to human work output
🔹 Must improve with better skills & capabilities
🔹 ज्यादा कुशलता = ज्यादा productivity
4️⃣ Empowerment 💪
🔹 Power to make independent choices
🔹 Comes from freedom + capabilities
🔹 Focus on weaker/disadvantaged groups
🔹 आत्मनिर्भर बनाना ही असली empowerment है
🧠 Approaches to Human Development
💰 Income Approach
This approach believes that higher income means better development, as it gives people more freedom and greater choices in life.
🏥 Welfare Approach
This focuses on the government's role in providing essential services like health, education, and public amenities to improve people’s well-being (कल्याण).
🏠 Minimum Needs Approach
This approach ensures that everyone gets access to basic needs like healthcare, education, food, safe drinking water, sanitation (स्वच्छता), and proper housing (आवास).
🧑🏫 Capabilities Approach
Introduced by Prof. Amartya Sen, this approach focuses on building people’s capabilities (क्षमताएं) in key areas such as health, education, and access to resources (संसाधनों तक पहुँच), so they can live a life with real freedom and dignity.
Human Development Index (HDI)
🌍 HDI ranks countries based on performance in health, education, and access to resources.
📈 Countries get a score between 0 and 1, based on their performance in these key areas.
👶 Health is measured by life expectancy at birth – the average age a newborn is expected to live.
📚 Access to knowledge is measured using adult literacy rate and gross enrolment ratio.
💵 Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power (खरीद क्षमता) in U.S. dollars.
🧮 HDI score is calculated by combining weights assigned to all these factors.
👉 A score closer to 1 means higher human development.
Human Poverty Index (HPI) & Bhutan’s GNH
📉 HPI shows the shortfall in human development – areas where people are deprived (वंचित) of basic needs.
⚠️ It includes indicators like:
🔹 Probability of not surviving till age 40
🔹 Adult illiteracy rate
🔹 Lack of clean drinking water
🔹 Number of underweight children
📘 Since 1990, the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) has published the Human Development Report every year.
📌 This report uses both HDI and HPI to assess development across countries.
🙏 Bhutan is the only country to officially use Gross National Happiness (GNH) as its development measure.
🌸 GNH focuses on spiritual, non-material, and qualitative aspects of development, beyond just money or resources.
Human Development Levels (2023)
💠 Very High Human Development
Countries ranked 1–74 (score ≥ 0.800) — 74
🔷 High Human Development
Countries ranked 75–124 (0.700–0.799) —50
🟢 Medium Human Development
Countries ranked 125–167 (0.550–0.699) — 43
🔴 Low Human Development
Countries ranked 168–193 (below 0.550) — 26
Why Countries Differ & Examples
🏦 No link between territory size or per capita income and development level — development depends on social investment, policy, equality
📊 Very High (74 countries)
Typically nations with stable governments, strong health & education systems, high GNI per capita
📈 High (50 countries)
Countries that invested significantly in social sector—education & health play key role
✳️ Medium (43 countries)
Mostly post-WWII nations showing rapid improvement through people-focused policies and reduced social discrimination
⚠️ Low (26 countries)
Often small nations facing political turmoil, civil war, severe poverty, disease outbreaks (e.g., Afghanistan, parts of Sub-Saharan Africa)
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