🎓 Class 10 – History
📘 Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
📚 Book: India and the Contemporary World - II (History)
📅 Session: 2025–26
Frédéric Sorrieu’s Vision of the World 🌍 (1848)
•French artist Frédéric Sorrieu imagined a world of democratic (लोकतांत्रिक) and social republics (सामाजिक गणराज्य) 🖌️
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•In his first print, people from Europe & America march in a line 👣
•They give homage (श्रद्धांजलि) to the 🗽 Statue of Liberty
•A female figure (महिला आकृति) holds 🔥 Enlightenment (ज्ञान) torch & 📜 Rights Charter (अधिकार पत्र)
•Ground shows broken symbols of monarchy (राजशाही) 🏰
•Nations shown with their flags (झंडे) & costumes (पोशाकें) 🚩
•Led by USA, Switzerland, followed by France, Germany & others
•Above, Christ & angels (ईसा मसीह व देवदूत) = fraternity (भाईचारा)
The French Revolution & Idea of Nation (1789)
•In 1789, Nationalism (राष्ट्रवाद) began with the French Revolution 🔥
•Power shifted from the monarchy (राजशाही) to the citizens (नागरिकों) 🗳️
•New ideas introduced:
🔹 La patrie = The Fatherland (जननी भूमि)
🔹 Le citoyen = The Citizen (नागरिक)
•A new French tricolour flag (तीन रंगों वाला झंडा) was adopted 🚩
•Later, Napoleon ended democracy ❌
•But his Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) brought:
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
Germany, Italy & Switzerland were divided into many kingdoms, duchies & cantons (रियासतें, रजवाड़े और छोटे राज्य) 🏰
•Each region had its own ruler with independent powers (स्वायत्त शासक) 👑
👑 The Aristocracy & New Middle Class 💼
Aristocracy (भू-स्वामी वर्ग) = most powerful class socially & politically
Most people were peasants (किसान वर्ग) 🌾
Industrialisation (औद्योगीकरण) started in England (late 1700s) 🏭
What Did Liberal Nationalism Stand For? 🗽
•Liberalism comes from Latin word ‘liber’ = free (मुक्त)
•Supported freedom (स्वतंत्रता) of individual and equality before law (कानून के सामने समानता) ⚖️
•But political rights (like voting) were only for property-owning men (संपत्ति वाले पुरुष) 🧍♂️💼
•Women and poor men had no political rights (राजनीतिक अधिकार नहीं) ❌
Zollverein – German Customs Union (1834)
Formed by Prussia (प्रशिया) and joined by many German states 🤝
Removed tariff barriers (शुल्क बाधाएँ) between states 📉
Reduced currencies from 30+ to just 2 (मुद्राओं की संख्या कम की गई) 💰➡️💶
A New Conservatism After 1815 🕰️
•After 1815, Europe followed Conservatism (रूढ़िवाद)
•Conservatives supported:
🔹 Monarchy (राजशाही)
🔹 Church (चर्च/धर्म संस्थान)
🔹 Social hierarchies (सामाजिक श्रेणियाँ)
🔹 Property & family system (संपत्ति और परिवार व्यवस्था) 👑👪
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🛡️ Strengthening Monarchies
🤝 Congress of Vienna – 1815
•Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria met in Vienna 🗺️
•Bourbon dynasty (बोर्बन वंश) restored in France
•France lost lands gained under Napoleon ❌
📰 Liberal Nationalists Protested
They demanded freedom of the press (प्रेस की स्वतंत्रता) and opposed conservative rule 🗞️✊
The Revolutionaries ✊
In 1815, secret societies (गुप्त संगठन) were formed in many parts of Europe to train revolutionaries (क्रांतिकारी) and spread ideas of freedom (स्वतंत्रता) and liberty (आजादी) 🕊️
These revolutionaries opposed monarchies (राजशाही व्यवस्था) and wanted a free, equal society ⚖️
youth from Poland, France,Italy & German states
The Age of Revolutions (1830–1848) 🗽
Earlier in 1821, Greece started a war for independence (स्वतंत्रता) from Ottoman rule ⚔️
🎨 Romanticism & National Feelings ❤️🌍
Hunger, Hardship & Popular Revolt 😔🔥
In the 1830s, Europe faced economic hardships (आर्थिक कठिनाइयाँ) and poverty (गरीबी) 📉
Population increased rapidly (तेजी से जनसंख्या बढ़ी), but food supply couldn’t keep up 🍽️
In 1848, due to food shortage (भोजन की कमी) and unemployment,
people in Paris came out on the streets in revolt (विद्रोह)🚶♂️✊
The Revolution of the Liberals (1848) ✊📜
Role of Women & Aftermath of 1848 Revolutions 🧕📢
But ❌ they were not given voting rights (मताधिकार नहीं मिला) in Assembly elections
The Making of Germany 🏰⚔️
After 1848, the focus of nationalism shifted, and Germany emerged as a unified nation-state (एकीकृत राष्ट्र) under Prussia’s leadership (प्रशा के नेतृत्व में)
👨✈️ Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister (मुख्य मंत्री) of Prussia, led the unification with support from:
📅 In January 1871, the Prussian King William I was declared German Emperor (जर्मन सम्राट) in a grand assembly held at Versailles (France) 🏛️👑
The Unification of Italy 🛡️
In the mid-19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states (7 राज्य).
👨🎨 In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret group –
Young Italy (यंग इटली) to spread nationalism ✊
👨💼 The unification was later led by Chief Minister Cavour (मुख्यमंत्री कैवूर)
👑 Finally, in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the King of Unified Italy (एकीकृत इटली का राजा) 🎉🇮🇹
Visualising the Nation 👩🎨🌍
In the 18th & 19th centuries, artists showed nations as female figures (राष्ट्रों को महिला रूप में दिखाया गया) 👩🌿
During the French Revolution, women symbolised:
or broken chains (टूटी जंजीरें)⚖️ Justice (न्याय) – shown as a blindfolded woman (आंखों पर पट्टी बांधे महिला) carrying weighing scales (तराजू)
🎨 These figures helped people emotionally connect with the idea of the nation (राष्ट्र की भावना) ❤️🌍
Nationalism & Imperialism ⚔️🗺️
After 1871, Nationalism (राष्ट्रवाद) took a new turn and became aggressive 😠
📍 The Balkans region (बाल्कन क्षेत्र) (Romania, Greece, Serbia, etc.) became highly tense (तनावपूर्ण) due to:
➡️ This led to continuous wars and finally World War I in 1914 (प्रथम विश्व युद्ध) 🌍💣
🚀 Keep Learning, Keep Growing! See you next time! 👋
