📘 Chapter 2: The World Population (Distribution, Density and Growth)
📚 Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography (NCERT)
📅 Session: 2025–26
👨🏫 Presented by: Khanak Peshin
🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy
Patterns of Population Distribution
📍 Uneven Population Spread
🌍 The population of the world is unevenly (असमान रूप से) distributed.
📌 What is Population Distribution?
👥 It refers to the way people are spaced (फैले हुए हैं) over the Earth’s surface.
📦 Key Fact:
📉 Around 90% of the world’s population lives on just 10% of the land area (भूमि क्षेत्र).
🌏 Top 10 Populous Countries = 60%
🧮 The 10 most populous (जनसंख्या वाले) countries account for 60% of the world’s people.
➡️ Out of these, 6 are located in Asia (एशिया).
Density of Population
📌 What is Density of Population?
👥 It is the ratio (अनुपात) of the number of people to the size of land.
📏 Usually measured in persons per sq. km (प्रति वर्ग किलोमीटर व्यक्ति).
📊 Formula:
➗ Density of Population = Population / Area (जनसंख्या / क्षेत्रफल)
📍 Example:
If a country has 1 crore people living in 1 lakh sq. km,
👉 Density = 100 persons/sq. km
Factors Influencing Population Distribution
📌 A. Geographical Factors
💧 1. Availability of Water (पानी की उपलब्धता)
➡️ People prefer areas with fresh water for drinking, cooking, farming, industries & transport.
🛶 Water supports life and economic activities.
⛰️ 2. Landforms (भूमि की बनावट)
➡️ Flat plains (समतल मैदान) and gentle slopes (हल्की ढलान) are ideal for farming and building roads & industries.
🌦️ 3. Climate (जलवायु)
➡️ Extreme climates (अत्यधिक जलवायु) like deserts (very hot or cold) are less habitable.
➡️ Areas with moderate weather (संतुलित मौसम) attract more people.
🌱 4. Soil (मिट्टी)
➡️ Fertile soil (उपजाऊ मिट्टी) is key for farming.
➡️ Regions with loamy soil (दुरमट मिट्टी) support dense population.
Factors Influencing Population Distribution
📌 B. Economic Factors
⛏️ 1. Minerals (खनिज पदार्थ)
➡️ Areas rich in minerals attract industries (उद्योग).
🏭 Mining & industry create jobs (रोज़गार) → more people settle there.
🏙️ 2. Urbanization (शहरीकरण)
➡️ Cities offer better:
– Jobs (नौकरियां)
– Education (शिक्षा)
– Healthcare (स्वास्थ्य सेवाएं)
– Transport & communication (यातायात और संचार)
✅ So, cities become densely populated.
🏭 3. Industrialization (औद्योगीकरण)
➡️ Industrial areas provide employment (रोज़गार के अवसर).
➡️ People migrate to these regions for a better livelihood.
Factors Influencing Population Distribution
📌 C. Social & Cultural Factors
🛕 1. Religious & Cultural Significance (धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक महत्व)
➡️ People prefer to live in areas with religious places (धार्मिक स्थल) or cultural importance (सांस्कृतिक महत्व).
➡️ These places attract pilgrims, tourists, and residents.
⚠️ 2. Social & Political Unrest (सामाजिक और राजनीतिक अशांति)
➡️ People migrate away (हिजरत करते हैं) from areas facing conflicts or instability (अशांति या हिंसा).
🏠 3. Government Incentives (सरकारी प्रोत्साहन)
➡️ Sometimes governments give incentives (लाभ/छूट) to:
– Settle in sparsely populated areas (कम जनसंख्या वाले क्षेत्र)
– Move away from overcrowded cities (भीड़भाड़ वाले शहर)
Population Growth
📌 What is Population Growth?
👥 It refers to the change (परिवर्तन) in the number of people (जनसंख्या की संख्या) in a particular area over a specific period of time.
🧭 Key Indicator (मुख्य संकेतक)
📊 Population change reflects:
– Economic development (आर्थिक विकास)
– Social upliftment (सामाजिक उत्थान)
– Historical & cultural background (ऐतिहासिक और सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि)
🗺️ Understanding population growth helps us study how a region is growing or changing over time.
Basic Concepts of Population Geography
📌 1. Growth of Population (जनसंख्या वृद्धि)
➡️ Change in population in a specific area between two points of time (दो समय बिंदुओं के बीच).
📉 2. Growth Rate of Population (जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर)
➡️ The percentage (प्रतिशत) change in population over time.
👶💀 3. Natural Growth (प्राकृतिक वृद्धि)
➡️ Increase in population due to:
Births – Deaths (जन्म – मृत्यु)
📊 Formula: Natural Growth = Births – Deaths
🚶♂️🚶♀️ 4. Actual Growth (वास्तविक वृद्धि)
➡️ Includes migration also.
📊 Formula:
Actual Growth = Births – Deaths + In-Migration (आव्रजन) – Out-Migration (प्रव्रजन)
➕➖ Types of Population Growth
✅ 1. Positive Growth (सकारात्मक वृद्धि)
👶 When birth rate > death rate (जन्म दर > मृत्यु दर)
🌍 Or when people migrate into (प्रवेश करते हैं) the region from other countries
➡️ Result: Population increases
❌ 2. Negative Growth (नकारात्मक वृद्धि)
📉 When death rate > birth rate (मृत्यु दर > जन्म दर)
🚶♂️ Or when people migrate out (प्रवासन करते हैं) to other countries
➡️ Result: Population decreases
Components of Population Change
📌 There are 3 main components:
1️⃣ Births (जन्म)
2️⃣ Deaths (मृत्यु)
3️⃣ Migration (प्रवासन)
📈 Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
➡️ Number of live births (जीवित जन्म) per 1,000 population in a year.
📊 Formula:
CBR = Bi / P × 1000
🧾 Where:
– CBR = Crude Birth Rate
– Bi = Live births during the year
– P = Mid-year population (मध्य वर्ष जनसंख्या)
📉 Crude Death Rate (CDR)
➡️ Number of deaths (मृत्यु) per 1,000 population in a year.
📊 Formula:
CDR = D / P × 1000
🧾 Where:
– CDR = Crude Death Rate
– D = Number of deaths
– P = Estimated mid-year population
🚶♀️🌍 Migration: People on the Move!
📦 What is it?
➡️ When people shift (स्थान बदलते हैं) from one place to another
🗺️ It can be within a country or across countries!
🏡 ➡️ 🏙️
From: 🏡 Place of Origin (जहां से निकले)
To: 🏙️ Place of Destination (जहां पहुंचे)
🔄 Types of Migration
🕒 ⏳ Based on Time:
•🏠 Permanent (हमेशा के लिए)
•🏕️ Temporary (कुछ समय के लिए)
•🌦️ Seasonal (मौसम के अनुसार)
•
🧭 📍 Based on Direction:
•🌾➡️🌾 Rural to Rural (गांव से गांव)
•🌾➡️🏙️ Rural to Urban (गांव से शहर)
•🏙️➡️🏙️ Urban to Urban (शहर से शहर)
•🏙️➡️🌾 Urban to Rural (शहर से गांव)
🧲 Push vs Pull Factors of Migration
🔴 Push Factors (धकेलने वाले कारण) | 🟢 Pull Factors (खींचने वाले कारण) |
😔 Unemployment (बेरोजगारी) | 💼 Better Job Opportunities (बेहतर रोजगार के अवसर) |
🏚️ Poor Living Conditions (खराब रहने की स्थिति) | 🏙️ Good Living Conditions (सुविधाजनक जीवन) |
🧨 Political Turmoil (राजनीतिक अशांति) | 🕊️ Peace & Stability (शांति और स्थिरता) |
❄️🔥 Unpleasant Climate (अप्रिय जलवायु) | 🌤️ Pleasant Climate (सुहावना मौसम) |
🌪️ Natural Disasters (प्राकृतिक आपदाएं) | 🔐 Safety & Security (सुरक्षा और स्थायित्व) |
🦠 Epidemics (महामारी/बीमारी) | 🎓 Better Social Life & Facilities (बेहतर सामाजिक सुविधाएं) |
🚫 Backwardness (पिछड़ापन / विकास की कमी) | 🏫 Access to Education & Health (शिक्षा और स्वास्थ्य की सुविधा) |
📊 Demographic Transition – Concept
🧠 What is Demographic Transition?
Demographic Transition Theory explains how the population (जनसंख्या) of a region changes over time –
➡️ From high birth & death rates (ऊंची जन्म व मृत्यु दर)
➡️ To low birth & death rates (कम जन्म व मृत्यु दर)
as societies move from rural & illiterate to urban, industrial & literate (शहरी, औद्योगिक और साक्षर).
🔄 These changes happen in stages – called the Demographic Cycle (जनसांख्यिकीय चक्र).
First Two Stages
🧩 Stage 1: High Birth – High Death
➡️ Fertility and mortality are both very high (बहुत ऊंची दर).
➡️ People have more children to compensate for deaths (मृत्यु की भरपाई के लिए) due to epidemics, diseases, poor food supply (बीमारी, भोजन की कमी).
🕰️ About 200 years ago, all countries were in this stage.
📈 Stage 2: High Birth – Falling Death
➡️ Birth rate remains high (जन्म दर ऊंची रहती है)
➡️ Death rate starts to decline (मृत्यु दर में गिरावट) due to improvements in sanitation, healthcare (साफ-सफाई व स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं).
✅ This creates a population boom (जनसंख्या में तेज़ बढ़त).
Stage 3 and Final Understanding
📉 Stage 3: Low Birth – Low Death
➡️ Over time, even the birth rate starts falling (जन्म दर भी गिरने लगती है) due to education, awareness & family planning (परिवार नियोजन, जागरूकता).
➡️ Death rate is already low due to modern medicine and stable food supply.
📊 Result:
Population becomes stable or grows slowly (स्थिर या धीमी वृद्धि).
🌍 Different Countries, Different Stages
🗺️ In today’s world, all countries are not in the same stage (एक ही चरण में नहीं हैं).
🔄 Developed countries are in Stage 3, while many developing ones are still in Stage 2.
🧠 Population Control Measures (जनसंख्या नियंत्रण के उपाय)
👨👩👧👦 What is Family Planning?
➡️ Family planning means spacing (अंतर रखना) or preventing births (जन्म को रोकना) by choice.
🧴 This includes contraceptives (गर्भनिरोधक उपाय) and informed decisions about having children.
🏥 Why is Family Planning Important?
✔️ It helps limit population growth (जनसंख्या वृद्धि को रोकता है)
✔️ Improves women’s health (महिलाओं का स्वास्थ्य सुधारता है)
✔️ Supports better quality of life for families and society
📢 Population Control Measures (नियंत्रण के उपाय):
1️⃣ Public Awareness & Propaganda (जनजागरूकता अभियान)
2️⃣ Free Access to Contraceptives (निःशुल्क गर्भनिरोधक उपलब्धता)
3️⃣ Tax Disincentives for Large Families (बड़ी परिवारों पर टैक्स जुर्माना)
🌍 Why Control Population?
➡️ To ensure sustainable use of resources (संसाधनों का टिकाऊ उपयोग)
➡️ To reduce pressure on education, jobs, housing & health services
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