📘 Chapter 1: Nationalism in India
📚 Book: India and the Contemporary World - II (History)
📅 Session: 2025–26
👨🏫 Presented by: Amresh kumar
🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy
🪖 The First World War (1914–1918)
🌍 The war changed politics & economy (राजनीति और अर्थव्यवस्था).
India faced many problems:
💸 Rise in defence spending (रक्षा खर्च बढ़ा)
📈 Prices went up during the war (महंगाई बढ़ी)
👮♂️ Forced recruitment in villages (गाँवों में जबरन भर्ती)
🌾 1918–21: Crop failures in many areas (फसलें बर्बाद हुईं)
😓 Hardships didn’t end after the war (मुसीबतें जारी रहीं)
🕊️ The Idea of Satyagraha
🧠 Satyagraha was a new way to fight British rule in India.
✋ It was peaceful protest (शांतिपूर्ण आंदोलन) against injustice (अन्याय).
📜 It means insistence on truth (सत्य पर अडिग रहना).
💪 It was a moral force (नैतिक शक्ति), not just passive resistance (निष्क्रिय विरोध).
In Jan 1915, Gandhiji returned to India.
📍 He led Satyagraha in:
📌 Champaran (1916) – Indigo farmers
📌 Kheda (1917) – Peasants (किसान)
📌 Ahmedabad (1918) – Mill workers (मजदूर)
⚖️ The Rowlatt Act (1919)
🔒 Gave British govt. huge powers (बड़ी शक्तियाँ) to crush political activities.
⛓️ Allowed jail without trial (बिना मुकदमे के जेल) for 2 years.
🧘 Gandhiji started Rowlatt Satyagraha to oppose it.
🔫 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919)
👥 A large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
🚫 General Dyer blocked the exits & fired on the crowd (भीड़ पर गोलीबारी), killing hundreds.
📢 News spread → people protested → strikes, police clashes, & govt. buildings attacked.
💥 Govt. replied with brutal force (क्रूर दमन).
✋ Gandhi stopped the movement due to rising violence.
☪️ Khilafat Movement (1919)
👬 Led by brothers Shaukat Ali & Muhammad Ali
🏛️ In March 1919, the Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay to protect the Khalifa’s powers (खलीफा की सत्ता).
🤝 Gandhiji convinced Congress to join hands with the Khilafat cause.
🔥 Together, they launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (असहयोग आंदोलन) to fight for Swaraj (स्वराज – self-rule).
📍 In Nagpur Session (Dec 1920), Congress officially adopted the Non-Cooperation Programme.
Towns, Villages & Tribal Areas
🚩 Start of the Movement
📆 The Non-Cooperation–Khilafat Movement began in Jan 1921.
🏢 Movement in Towns:
👨🏫 Students, 👨⚖️ teachers, and 👨🎓 lawyers left schools, jobs & courts.
🗳️ Council elections were boycotted (बहिष्कार).
🛍️ Foreign goods were rejected.
🚫 Liquor shops were picketed (घेराव किया गया).
🧑🌾 Movement in the Countryside:
👨🌾 Peasants (किसान) and 🏞️ tribals (आदिवासी) joined — struggles turned violent (हिंसक).
Localised Movements
🌱 Peasant Movement in Awadh (U.P.)
🧓 Led by Baba Ramchandra
⚔️ Target: Talukdars & Landlords (जमींदार)
🏛️ In 1920, Oudh Kisan Sabha formed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra & others.
🌲 Tribal Revolt in Andhra
🗡️ Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju in Gudem Hills
🎯 Used guerrilla warfare (गुरिल्ला युद्ध)
🚔 Attacked police stations
⚰️ Raju was captured & executed in 1924
🌴 Swaraj in Plantations
🌍 For workers: Swaraj = Freedom to move
📜 Protested against Inland Emigration Act (1859) — it didn’t let them leave plantations (बागान).
💬 Everyone had their own idea of Swaraj.
🚶 Towards Civil Disobedience
📆 Feb 1922 – Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident (जहाँ आंदोलन हिंसक हो गया था).
🏛️ Some leaders like C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within Congress.
🎯 They wanted to return to council politics (चुनावी राजनीति में वापस आना).
🔥 Meanwhile, young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru & Subhas Chandra Bose pushed for more radical mass agitation (कट्टर जन आंदोलन) and demanded Purna Swaraj (पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता – complete independence).
🔄 Factors Shaping Indian Politics (Late 1920s)
📉 1. Worldwide Economic Depression
→ 🌾 Agricultural prices collapsed after 1930 (कृषि कीमतें गिर गईं)
→ 🌍 Demand dropped + exports declined = Hardship for farmers
👎 2. Simon Commission (1928)
→ 🇬🇧 Sent by British Tory Govt to suggest constitutional changes
→ ❌ Indians protested because no Indian member was in it
→ 🔊 Everywhere: "Simon Go Back!" slogans
🇮🇳 3. Purna Swaraj Declaration (1929)
→ 🏛️ Lahore Session of Congress
→ 🎤 Presided by Jawaharlal Nehru
→ 🇮🇳 Official demand of Complete Independence (पूर्ण स्वराज) announced!
🧂 Salt March & Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
Why Salt?
→ Gandhiji chose salt because it’s used by everyone – rich or poor (सभी वर्गों द्वारा इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)
→ It became a symbol of unity.
🚶♂️ Salt March (Dandi March)
📅 Started: 12 March 1930
📍 Reached Dandi (Gujarat) on 6 April 1930
🔥 Broke Salt Law by making salt from seawater (नमक कानून तोड़ा)
✊ Start of Civil Disobedience Movement
→ People now broke British laws, not just avoided them
→ ✅ Boycott foreign clothes & goods (बहिष्कार)
→ ✅ No tax payment, break forest rules etc.
👮 British Reaction
→ Brutal action (कठोर दमन) + 😠 leaders jailed (Gandhiji & Nehru arrested)
→ 🙅 Gandhiji called off the movement later
🤝 Gandhi-Irwin Pact & Aftermath
📅 5 March 1931 – Gandhiji signed a pact with Viceroy Lord Irwin
🎯 Purpose: To end the Civil Disobedience Movement temporarily
🛫 Dec 1931 – Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference
😞 But he returned disappointed (निराश), no agreement on key issues
🔥 So, Gandhiji relaunched the movement again
📉 But by 1934, it gradually lost momentum (गति धीमी पड़ गई)
🧍♂️ How Different Groups Saw the Movement
👨🌾 1. Rich Peasants (धनी किसान)
→ Wanted land revenue (भूमि कर) to be reduced
→ Joined initially, but ❌ didn't rejoin when Gandhiji called off the movement without revenue changes
👨🌾 2. Poor Peasants (गरीब किसान)
→ Demanded rent remission (किराया माफ़ी)
→ Congress didn’t support “no rent” campaigns to avoid tension with landlords (जमींदारों)
🏭 3. Business Classes (व्यापारी वर्ग)
→ Wanted protection from foreign imports (विदेशी वस्तुओं से सुरक्षा)
→ Feared 📉 business losses + rising 🔴 socialist influence
→ So, stayed away from the movement
👩 4. Women (महिलाएं)
→ Took part in 💃 marches, 🧂 made salt, 🚫 picketed shops
→ But ❌ Congress didn’t allow leadership roles (नेतृत्व की भूमिका)
🚫 Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement
👣 Dalits (अछूत वर्ग)
→ Most Dalits did not join the movement
→ Demanded: Seat reservation (आरक्षण) + Separate electorates (अलग निर्वाचन क्षेत्र)
🧑⚖️ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
→ Formed Depressed Classes Association (1930)
→ ⚔️ Clashed with Gandhiji on Dalit representation
🤝 Poona Pact (1932)
→ Gandhiji & Ambedkar agreed
→ Dalits got reserved seats (आरक्षित सीटें)
→ But voters = general electorate (सामान्य मतदाता)
☪️ Muslim League – M.A. Jinnah
→ Demanded reserved seats for Muslims
→ Many Muslims ❌ did not join Civil Disobedience
The Sense of Collective Belonging
🤝 Feeling of unity came from people’s shared struggle for freedom (एकजुट संघर्ष)
🎭 Role of Culture:
→ History, stories, songs, and folk tales (लोक कथाएं) made people feel part of one nation 🌍
→ Popular symbols and images spread the idea of nationalism (राष्ट्रवाद)
🚩 Swaraj Flag – 1921
→ Designed by Gandhiji 🧑🦲
→ 🌈 Tricolour – Red, Green & White
→ 🧵 Spinning wheel (चरखा) in the centre = Symbol of self-reliance (स्वावलंबन)
Conclusion – Nationalism in India
📌 Nationalism in India was not just a word, but an emotion that united millions ✊
👉 From Gandhiji’s leadership to the mass movements, people across castes, regions & classes participated
🌾 Farmers, 👷♂️ workers, 👩🏫 women, 🙏 Dalits – sab ne milkar azadi ki ladai ladi!
🧂 Salt became a symbol of resistance
🪔 Cultural identity gave people a sense of unity
📜 Civil Disobedience showed the power of peaceful protest
🧵 Charkha symbolised self-reliance & swaraj (स्वराज)
💬 “Freedom is never given, it is won!” – aur India ki janta ne milkar yeh jeeti 🔥
