❇️ Who were the Mughals?
๐นHe was the descendant of two great ruling dynasties. On his mother's side, he was the successor of the Mongol ruler of China and Central Asia, Genghis Khan (who died in 1227 AD). On his father's side, he was a descendant of Timur (who died in 1404 AD), the ruler of Iran and present-day Turkey.
๐นBut the Mughals did not like to call themselves Mughal or Mongol. This was because the memories associated with Genghis Khan were also related to the Uzweg, a competitor of the Mughals. The Mughals, on the other hand, took pride in being the descendants of Timur. This is because this great ancestor of his had captured Delhi in 1398 AD.
๐นThe Mughals did their genealogy by making a display picture. Every Mughal ruler had his portrait painted with Timur. The first Mughal ruler Babur was related to Genghis Khan from the maternal side. He spoke Turkish and ridiculed the Mongols and referred to them as barbaric gangs.
๐นDuring the 16th century, Europeans used the term Mughal to describe the Indian rulers of this branch of the family. Even the name of Mowgli, the young hero of Rudyard Kipling's (Jungle Book), is derived from it.
๐นThe founder of the empire, Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, was driven away by the rival Uzbegos of Fargana's central Asian homeland. Nasiruddin Humayun, defeated by Sher Shah Sur, was forced into exile at the court of the Safavid ruler of Iran. The Chagatai Turks considered themselves to be descendants of the eldest son of Genghis Khan.
️ ❇️ Babur 1526 AD – 1530 AD :-
๐นWhen the first Mughal ruler Babur (1526 AD - 1530 AD) inherited the state of Fergana in 1494 AD, he was only 12 years old. He had to give up his ancestral throne due to the invasion of the Uzbego, another branch of the Mongols.
๐นAfter wandering for many years, he captured Kabul in 1504 AD.
๐นIn 1526, he defeated Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi at Panipat and captured Delhi, Agra.
๐นIn 1527 AD, Rana Sanga defeated Rajput kings and their supporters in Khanuwa. Defeated Rajputs at Chanderi in 1528 AD.
๐นCannon and firepower were used for the first time in the wars of the 16th century. Babur used them effectively in the first battle of Panipat.
️ ❇️ Humayun :-
๐นHumayun divided the property according to the will of his father. Each brother got a province. Humayun was tarnished by his Afghan rivals because of the ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran.
๐นSher Khan defeated Humayun twice, in 1539 AD at Chausa and 1540 AD in Kannauj. These defeats forced Humayun to flee to Iran.
๐นHumayun took the help of Safavid Shah in Iran. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 AD, but the following year he died in an accident in this building.
️ ❇️ Akbar :-
๐นBecame emperor at the age of 13 years.
๐นCaptured Chittor, the capital of Sisidio in 1568 AD and Ranthambore in 1569 AD.
๐นBetween 1579 AD – 1580 AD there were revolts in favor of Mirza Hakim.
๐นCaptured Kandahar by defeating the Safavids and also annexed Kashmir. After the death of Mirza Hakim, Kabul was also annexed to his kingdom. Deccan campaigns started.
️ ❇️ Jahangir :-
๐นThe Sisodia ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh accepted the service of the Mughals, after which campaigns were launched against the Sikhs, Ahamos and Ahmednagar, which were not completely successful.
๐นIn the last years of Jahangir's rule, Prince Khurram, who was later called Emperor Shah Jahan, revolted.
️ ❇️ Shah Jahan :-
๐นThe Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi revolted and was defeated.
๐นThere was a campaign against Ahmednagar, in which the Bundelas were defeated and Orchha was captured.
๐นThere was a campaign against the Uzbegos to capture Balkh in the north-west, which was unsuccessful. As a result Kandahar fell into the hands of the Safavids.
๐นIn 1632 AD, therefore Ahmednagar was annexed to the Mughal state and the Bijapur army requested for reconciliation.
๐นIn 1657 AD – 1658 AD, a dispute over the succession started between the sons of Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb was victorious in this and all three brothers including Darashikoh were put to death.
๐นShah Jahan was imprisoned in Agra for the rest of his life.
️ ❇️ Aurangzeb :-
๐นIn 1663 AD, the Ahomos were defeated in the north-east, but they revolted again in 1690 AD.
๐นYousafzai and the Sikhs revolted in the north-west. The reason for this was the interference of the Mughals in their internal politics and succession issues.
๐นThe Mughal campaign against the Maratha chief Shivaji was initially successful, but Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji and Shivaji escaped from the Mughal prison in Agra.
๐นPrince Akbar revolted against the rulers of Deccan of Aurangzeb. In which he got the support of the Marathas and the Deccan Sultanate. So he fled from Iran (near Safavid).
๐นAfter the rebellion of Akbar, Aurangzeb sent armies against the rulers of Deccan. In 1685 AD, Bijpur and in 1687 Golconda were annexed by the Mughals in the state. In 1668, Aurangzeb organized a campaign against the Marathas (who were using guerrilla methods) in the Deccan.
️ ❇️ Mughal Capital :-
๐นDuring the 16th - 17th centuries, the capitals of the Mughals shifted very rapidly.
๐นBabur occupied Agra, the capital of Lodio, however, during his reign, the royal courts continued to be set up at different places.
๐นIn the 1560s, Akbar built the fort in Agra with red sandstone.
๐นIn the 1570s, Akbar made Fatehpur Sikri the capital. One reason for this was that Sikri was situated on the direct road leading to Ajmer where the shrine of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti had become an important pilgrimage site.
๐นThe Mughal emperors had close relations with the Chishti Sufis. Akbar built a marble mausoleum for Sheikh Salim Chishti next to the Jama Masjid at Sikri.
๐นThe purpose of building the Buland Darwaza (huge arched gateway) in Fatehpur Sikri was to remind the people of the Mughal victory in Gujarat.
๐นIn 1885, the capital was shifted to Lahore to bring more control towards the North-West. In this way Akbar kept a deep vigil on the border for 13 years (1548 AD).
๐นThe capital was shifted to Shahjahanabad in 1648 AD.
❇️ Chronicles (Chronicles of History): -
๐นThe articles from which the history of a region is known are called itivartas. All the chronicles of the Mughal Empire have been found in the form of manuscripts.
️ ❇️ Manuscripts :-
๐นAll those articles which are written by hand are called manuscripts. Many chronicles were prepared by the Mughal kings. These chronicles were composed by the Mughal kings so that the coming generation could get information about the Mughal rule. All these chronicles give important information about the Mughal Empire.
️ ❇️ Composition of the Chronicle :-
๐นThe chronicles prepared by the Mughal emperors are important sources of study of the empire and its court.
๐นThese chronicles were brought in front of all the people coming under the empire for the purpose of having a vision of an enlightened state.
๐นThe rulers also wanted to ensure that the details of their ruler were available for future generations.
๐นThe author of the Mughal chronicle was invariably a courtier. The histories he wrote were centered around events centered on the ruler, the ruler's family, the court and aristocracy, wars and administrative systems.
๐นIn the eyes of their writers, the history of the empire and the court and the history of the emperor were the same.
๐นAll the books of Mughal India were in the form of manuscripts i.e. they were written by hand. The main center of these works was the royal Kitbakhana.
️ ❇️ Language :-
๐นThe Mughal court histories were written in the Persian language. Since the Mughals were of Chagatai origin, Turkish was their mother tongue. Their first ruler, Babur, wrote poems and your memoirs in this language.
๐นAkbar thoughtfully made Persian the main language of the court.
๐นPersian was given a high position as the language of the court and power and prestige were given to those people who had a good hold on this language. It became the language of administration at all levels. From which accountants, clerks and other officers also learned it.
๐นA new language emerged in the form of Urdu by the mutual contact of Persian with Hindavi.
๐นMughal histories like Akbarnama were written in Persian. While others such as Babur's memoirs were translated from Turkish to Persian under the name of Baburnama.
๐นThe Mughal emperors ordered Sanskrit texts like Mahabharata and Ramayana to be translated into Persian.
๐นThe Mahabharata was translated as Razmanama (Book of Wars).
️ ❇️ Mughal Painting :-
๐นAbul Fazl has described painting as a magical art. Abul Fazl had great respect for painting.
๐นIn the 17th century, Mughal emperors began to be depicted with a halo. He took these auras as symbols of God from European paintings of Jesus and the Virgin Mary.
๐นAkbar is shown in a white dress in a picture. This white color refers to the Sufi tradition.
๐นThere was a constant tension between the rulers and the representatives of the Muslim orthodox class, ie Umla, over the creation of paintings depicting the emperor's court and the people participating in it.
๐นUmla called for an Islamic ban on the depiction of the iconic human form in the Qur'an as well as the hadith (from which a similar incident is forbidden from the life of the Prophet Muhammad).
๐นThe Safavid kings of Iran gave protection to excellent artists trained in the workshops established in the court, for example - painters like Bihzad.
๐นHumayun brought artists named Mir Syed Ali and Abdul Samad with him from Iran to Delhi.
Note:- Payag Shah Jahan was a carpet painter.
Abdul Hasan Jahangir was a carpet painter.
️ ❇️ Akbarnama and Ain-e-Akbari :-
๐นThe most known of the most important depicted Mughal histories are the Akbarnama and the Badshahnama King's History.
๐นOn average 150 full or double pages in each manuscript are pictures of battle, siege, hunting, building construction, court scenes etc.
๐นAbul Fazl, the author of Akbarnama, was nurtured in the Mughal capital Agra.
๐นAkbar's close friend and courtier Abul Fazl wrote the history of his reign.
๐นAbul Fazl wrote this history in three volumes and its title was – Akbarnama.
๐นThe first volume contains the narration of Akbar's ancestors and the second gives the details of the events of Akbar's reign.
๐นThe third volume (Ain-e-Akbari) is. In this, details of the geography of Akbar's administration, household, army, revenue and empire are found. It also has a detailed description of the traditions and cultures of the people of contemporary India.
๐นThe most interesting dimension of Ain-i-Akbari is the statistical description of various types of things, crops, prices, wages and revenues.
๐นMehruninsa married Jahangir in 1611 AD and got the title of Nur Jahan. Nur Jahan was always very loyal to Jahangir. In honor of Nur Jahan, Jahangir issued silver coins.
️ ❇️ Badshahnama :-
๐นBadshahnama is also official history. It has three volumes (offices) and each volume gives details of the lunar years.
๐นLahori wrote the first and second office on the first two decades of Shah Jahan's rule (1627 AD – 1647 AD). These districts were later reformed by Shah Jahan's Wazir Sadullah Khan.
๐นAt the core of Suharwardi philosophy is Plato's Republic. Where God is represented by the symbol of the Sun. Suharwardi's works are widely read in the Islamic world. It was studied by Sheikh Mubarak.
❇️️ Religious Status of Mughal Empire :-
๐นIn 1563 AD, Akbar ended his pilgrimage. In 1564, Akbar abolished Jizya.
๐นAll the Mughal emperors gave grants for the construction and maintenance of places of worship.
๐นEven when the temples were destroyed during the war, later grants were issued for their repair. We come to know about this during the reign of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
❇️️ Mughal court :-
๐นOne's position in the court was determined by how close or far away he was to the ruler.
๐นThe place given by the ruler to any courtier was a symbol of his importance in the eyes of the emperor.
๐นwas a Cornish formal greeting.
๐นThe status of the person was revealed by the manner of greeting made to the ruler. As the person was bowed down and greeted in front of the person, the status of that person was considered more high.
๐นIn place of this method, Shah Jahan adopted the methods of Taslim and Jamibos.
❇️️ Emperor's day :-
๐นThe life of the emperor started with some religious practices at sunrise. After this he used to give Jharokha Darshan (facing east). The purpose of Jharokha Darshan started by Akbar was to give acceptance and expansion of royal power in the form of public trust.
❇️️ Takht-e-Taus :-
๐นTakht-e-Taus was the jeweled throne of Shah Jahan. Its decoration took 7 years. The precious stone ruby was used in its decoration. Which was sent by Shah Abbas Safavi to the late Emperor Jahangir. The names of Timur Mirza Ulugh Beg Shah Abbas, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan are inscribed on this ruby.
❇️️ Difference between Deewane – E – Mango and Deewane – E – Khas :-
๐นIn Deewane-e-Aamdiwane-e-Khasdiwane-e-Aam, the emperor used to conduct the primary functions of the government. There the state officials used to submit reports and make requests. In contrast, in Deewane-e-Khas, the emperor used to hold private meetings and discuss confidential matters and senior ministers there presented their petitions, tax officials gave details of the accounts.
❇️ Titles, Gifts & Gifts: -
๐นGiving titles to deserving people was an important part of the Mughal monarchy. Some of the major titles were Asfa Khan, Mirza Raja etc.
๐นAurangzeb had conferred the title of Mirza Raja to Jaisingh and Jaswant Singh.
๐นTitles could be earned or money could be given to get them, for example Mir Khan offered one lakh rupees to Amir Khan by putting the letter 'A' in front of his name.
๐นOther awards included the jama (khillat) of honour, which was previously worn by the emperor at one time or another. It was considered a symbol of the blessings of the emperor.
๐นIn very special circumstances, the emperor also gifted a set of gem-studded ornaments (Padam Muramma) with lotus rings.
๐นA courtier never went to the emperor empty handed, either he used to present a small amount of money in the form of eyes or a large amount in the form of a present in front of the emperor.
๐นIn diplomatic relations, gifts were considered a symbol of honor and respect. Tomas Roe was very disappointed with the ring that he had presented to Asaf Khan. It was returned to him only because it was worth only Rs.400.
❇️️ Royal family :-
๐นThe word Haram is used to refer to the home world of the Mughals. It originates from the Persian word. Which means – holy place. These included the wives, concubines of the emperor, his near and distant relatives (women and children), female attendants and slaves.
๐นThe practice of polygamy was widely prevalent among the ruling classes of Rajputs and marriage was a way of forming political relations for both.
๐นBegum was the women coming from the royal family in the Mughal family.
๐นThere were women who came in the Agha Mughal family, who did not belong to the royal or aristocratic family.
๐นMehr (dowry) used to come in excessive quantity from the royal family. Naturally, the respect of the Begmo in the harem was higher than that of the Agaha.
๐นAfter Nur Jahan, Mughal queens and princesses started controlling important financial sources. Shah Jahan's daughters Jahaara and Roshanara had an annual income equal to the high royal mansabdars. Revenue was also received from Jahaara's Surat business.
❇️️ Mughal aristocracy :-
๐นRecruitment in the elite was done from various ethnic and religious groups. This ensured that no party was too big to challenge the authority of the state.
๐นThe officers of the Mughals were described as guldas, that is, those who were loyally associated with the emperor.
๐นInitially Turani and Iranian nobles were present in Akbar's royal service. After 1560 AD Rajputs and Indian Muslims (Sheikhzadao) entered the royal service.
๐นThe first Rajput chief to enter the service was the Raja ruler of Amber, Kachhwaha, whose daughter Akbar married.
๐นThe Iranians got high positions under Jahangir's rule. Nur Jahan (Jahangir's beloved wife) was an Iranian.
๐นAurangzeb appointed Rajputs to high posts, yet during Aurangzeb's time there was an abundance of Marathas among non-Muslim officers.
๐นChar Chaman is a book by Chandrabhan Brahmin at the time of Shajahan, which describes the Mughal aristocracy.
๐นAkbar, considering some people of the aristocracy as disciples (Murid), established spiritual relations with them.
❇️ Jesuit preacher in Mughal court :-
๐นAkbar was very curious to know about Christianity. He sent an envoy to Goa to invite the Jesuit priests.
๐นThe first Jesuit delegation reached the Mughal court of Fatehpur Sikri in 1580 AD and stayed there for about two years.
๐นTwo more disciples were sent to the Mughal court of Lahore in 1591 AD and 1595 AD.
๐นIn most of the meetings, the Jesuit people were given a place very close to the throne of Akbar. He accompanied her on expeditions, educated her children and often accompanied her during her leisure time.
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History – Themes
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Pol
Science – Contemporary World Politics |
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– Politics
in India since Independence |
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Geography – Indian
People and Economy |
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– Fundamental of Human Geography |
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Chapter 1: - Population: Distribution, Density, Growth
and Composition |
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Chapter 12: - Geographical Perspective on Selected
Issues and Problems |
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