12th Pol. Science Imp Question
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Important Questions for CBSE NCERT Class 12th Political Science Hindi & English Medium

Important Questions for CBSE NCERT Class 12th Political Science English

Part-A Contemporary World Politics

Part-B Politics in India since Independence


Important Questions for CBSE NCERT Class 12th Political Science Hindi 

 


Class 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics Hindi & English Medium

 

CBSE NCERT Class 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics Hindi & English Medium

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the two alliances-fronts that formed the government at the centre in 1989 and 1996 respectively. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Two alliances-fronts that formed the government at the centre are

  • National Front – 1989
  • United Front – 1996

Question 2.
From which year did the era of coalition governments at the centre begin in India? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The era of coalition government at the centre begin in India since 1989.
Question 3.
Mention any two incidents of violence against the minority community which are a threat to democracy? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The two incidents of violence against the minority community which area threat to democracy are

  • Anti-Sikh riots -1984
  • Anti-Muslim riots-2002

Question 4.
In which year did the Congress party win 415 Lok Sabha seats? Who became the Prime Minister at that time? (Delhi 2012, 2011)
Answer:
Congress party won 415 seats in the Lok Sabha election in 1984. And Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister at that time.
Question 5.
Why was Babri Masjid demolished? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Some organisation were supporting the construction of temple at the place of Babri Masjid and the voluntary service for building the Ram temple was known as Karseva. Thousands of people gathered at Ayodhya and finally they demolished the Babri Masjid to clear land for construction of Lord Ram Temple.
Question 6.
Name the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The name of founder of Bahujan Samaj Party was ‘Kanshi Ram’.
Question 7.
Which two diametrically opposite political groups supported the National Front Government in 1989? (All India 2011)
Answer:
The two political groups who supported National Front Government in 1989 were the BJP and Left front.
Question 8.
Since 1989 until the election of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The party which was gaining strength in Lok Sabha since 1989 was Bhartiya Janata Party.
Question 9.
What was the Mandal Commission ? When was it appointed? (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
The Mandal Commission was set-up on 1st January, 1979 to determine the criteria of identifying the socially and educationally backward class.
Question 10.
What was the Ayodhya dispute? (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Ayodhya dispute was a dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims over a mosque in Ayodhya known as Babri Masjid.
Question 11.
Correct and Re-write the following (All India (C) 2008)
In 1987 the Backward and Minority Federation (BAMCEF) was formed.
Answer:
In 1978, the ‘Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) was formed.


2 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Who was the chairperson of Mandal Commission? State any one recommendation made by him/her. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Mandal Commission was established in India in 1979 by the Janata party government. Under the Prime Minister Moraiji Desai. The two recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

  • 27 per cent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward classes.
  • Welfare programmes specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India.

Question 2.
Highlight any two effects of the Election 1989 on the politics of India. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two effects of Election of 1989 on Indian Politics are :

  1. The end of ‘Congress system’ i.e. loss of the kind of centrality it enjoyed in the party system earlier.
  2. The beginning of coalition politics in Indian political system.

Question 3.
What does a coalition government mean? Mention any one example of such a government. (All India 2013)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government. eg-UPA, NDA etc. In 1977, the first coalition government was formed.
Question 4.
What was the change in the electoral performance of the Congress party and BJP from 1984-2004? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The change in the electoral performance of the Congress and BJP from 1984-2004 is as under :

  • The BJP had gained the electoral performance from two seats to 138 seats.
  • The political competition during the 1990s is divided between the coalition led by BJP and Congress. Congress lost its seats from 415 to 145.

Question 5.
Political equations in coalition governments are unstable. How was this concept reflected in the formation of National Front Government in 1989 and United Front Government in 1996? (All India 2012)
Answer:
In 1989, the coalition government began in India and many political parties shared the government at the centre. This political phenomena clearly reflects political instability and uncertainly.
United front was formed to keep out Congress from government. It was formed in 1996 with the support of BJP and Left front. HD Deva Gowda was Prime Minister of United front and after him IK Gujral became the Prime Minister.
Question 6.
Give any two arguments in favour of reservation for the SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education institutions in India. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The two arguments in favour of reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education institutions in India are as follows :

  • The backward classes had very low representation in educational institutions.
  • The employment in public offices also had very low representation of the backward classes.

Question 7.
What is Ayodhya dispute? Explain. (Delhi 2011)
OR
When was the disputed structure in Ayodhya demolished? How was the State. Government punished? (Delhi, 2008)
Answer:
On 6th December, 1992 the disputed structure of Ayodhya i.e Babri Masjid was demolished. The BJP government of Uttar Pradesh was dismissed and a case was registered against the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in Supreme Court for contempt of court.
Question 8.
What was the main reason for the anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2002? (All India 2011; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because

  1. At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks. They were returning from Ayodhya.
  2. Suspecting the hand of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began in Gujarat from the next day.

Question 9.
What is meant by ‘coalition’? During which period did this type of government gain popularity for the first time at the centre in India. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
When two or more political parties join their hands together form a government, that type of government is called a Coalition Government. In 1977 coalition government gain popularity for the first time.


4 Mark Questions

Question 1.
In what way do the coalition governments prove to be more democratic than the one-party governments? (All India 2015)
OR
When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India? (Delhi 2012)
OR
Explain the impact of coalition governments on India politics. (Delhi 2011)
OR
What is alliance politics? How has it influenced the Indian politics? (All India 2011)
OR
How far is it correct to say that coalition government in India has helped in arriving at some consensus? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Describe any two advantages and two disadvantages of coalition government in India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government, e.g UPA, NDA etc.
Two advantages of coalition government are as follows :

  • Dominance of one party is minimised.
  • More than one ideologies come together and gives strength to democracy.

Two disadvantages of coalition government are as follows :

  • It gives unstable government.
  • It slows the process of policy-making.

Question 2.
When was the Mandal Commission set-up? Describe any two recommendations of this commission. (Delhi 2015)
OR
How was the main recommendation of Mandal Commission? How was it implemented? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Mandal Commission was set-up by the new National front government in 1990.
The two recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

  • 27 per cent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward classes.
  • Welfare programmes specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India.

Question 3.
Describe the era of multi-party system in India after 1989. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress party but did not result in a majority for any other party. Though Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha, it did not have a clear majority.
The defeat of the Congress party marked the end of Congress dominance over the Indian party system.
Way back in the late sixties, the dominance of the Congress party was challenged; but the Congress under the leadership of Indira Gandhi managed to re-establish its predominant position in politics.
The nineties saw yet another challenge to the predominant position of the Congress. It did not, however, mean the emergence of any other single party to fill in its place. Thus, began an era of a multi-party system.
To be sure, a large number of political parties always contested elections in our country. Our Parliament always had representatives from several political parties. What happened after 1989 was the emergence of several parties in such a way that one or two parties did not get most of the votes of seats.
This also meant that no single party secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha election held since 1989. This development initiated an era of coalition governments at the Centre, in which regional parties played a crucial role in forming ruling alliances.
The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalit and backward castes (Other Backward Classes or OBC). Many of these parties represented powerful regional assertion as well.
Question 4.
Describe any four major developments in Indian politics since 1989. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Describe any two developments witnessed by India after 1990. (All India 2011)
OR
Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major development which are as follows (any four) :
1. End of Congress system mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparision to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.
The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.
2. Mandal Issue The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only.
Thus, it brought widespread dismay and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.
3. New Economic Reforms The new Ans economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narsimha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these.
4. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest party.Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.
5. Ayodhya Issue The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December, 1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularsm. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.
Question 5.
Rewrite the names of any of the following Prime Ministers in the chronological order keeping in mind the period of their Prime Ministership. (All India 2010)
(i) Chandrashekhar
(ii) Narasimha Rao
(iii) HD Deve Gowda
(iv) IK Gujral
(v) VP Singh
Answer:
Chronological order for the period of their Prime Ministership
(i) VP Singh
(ii) Chandrashekhar
(iii) Narasimha Rao
(iv) HD Deva Gowda
(v) IK Gujral
Question 6.
‘In the new era of coalition politics political parties are not aligning on the basis of ideology’. Explain. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Three features of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are :

  1. Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.
  2. Political opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self-interest only.
  3. Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 7.
What was Godhra episode? What were its after-effects? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Why did the anti-Muslim riots take place in 2002 in Gujarat ? What were the outcomes of these riots? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because :

  1. At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks. They were returning from Ayodhya.
  2. Suspecting the hands of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began in Gujarat from the next day.

The outcomes of these riots were :

  • This violence continued for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mostly Muslims were killed.
  • The National Human Rights Commission criticised the Gujarat Government’s role in failing to control this communal violence, providing relief to the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence.
  • The Election Commission of India ordered are assembly elections to be postponed.


6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe any three points of consensus that emerged among most political parties in India in spite of severe competition and conflicts. (All India 2015)
OR
Highlight any three issues on which a broad agreement has emerged among most of the political parties in India. (All India 2013)
OR
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts in 1989, a consensus appeared to have emerged among most parties. Explain any three points of consensus. (All India 2012)
OR
Explain any three elements of consensus which have emerged among most political parties after the Lok Sabha elections of 2004. (All India 2011)
OR
‘Inspite of serious differences between major national political parties, emergence of new consensus is being viewed with interest’. In the light of this statement describe any three consensus. (HOTS: Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Inspite of serious differences between major national political parties emergence of new consensus is being viewed with interest in the light of statement as following :
1. Acceptance of political and social claims of the backward castes
Most of the political parties accepted the adequate representation. As a result, all political parties supported reservation for OBCs in education and employment. Political parties even want to ensure that OBCs get their due share of power.
2. Role of state-level parties
The role of state-level parties in governance of the country has been recognised. The gap between centre and state level parties decreased. State level parties are sharing power at central level and have become crucial for the survival of country’s politics in the last two decades.
3. Focus on pragmatic consideration
Coalition politics has shifted political alignments from ideological differences to power-sharing agreements. Governance is based on pragmatic consideration and political alliances take no rigid ideological positions. Thus, the alliance with BJP was formed called NDA in spite of BJP Hindutva. The NDA government lasted for its full term in office.
Question 2.
Which three major developments took place in Indian politics during the last decade of the 20th century? Describe. (All India 2015)
OR
“Towards the end of the 1980s, five major changes took place in Indian political system.” In light of this statement, examine any three changes. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
For major development in Indian politics towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major development which are as follows (any four) :
1. End of Congress system mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparision to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.
The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.
2. Mandal Issue The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only.
Thus, it brought widespread dismay and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.
3. New Economic Reforms The new Ans economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narsimha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these.
4. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest party.Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.
5. Ayodhya Issue The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December, 1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularsm. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.
Question 3.
Coalition government is a bane or boon for democracy in India’. Explain any three arguments in support of your answer. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Coalition government is a boon because :

  1. Participation of regional parties at national level State level parties played a crucial role in the country politics for last twenty years. Therefore the differences between state-level parties and central parties is decreasing day-by-day.
  2. Spirit of adaptation Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological distinctions to power sharing accommodation. We can see in the government of NDA that most of the parties did not agree with the ideology of Hindutva of BJP. However, they allied with BJP to form a government for a full term completion.
  3. Inclined towards one consensus Various radical parties opposed the new economic policies, but some parties came to support new economic policies because they believed that these policies would lead the country towards prosperity and raise its status all over the world. Coalition government is a bane for democracy in India because of three reasons:
    • Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self-interest. This leads to the breakup not only of various fronts but of governments as well.
    • Political opportunism Government which is formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish as opportunist power hungry and unscrupulous politicians emphasise on their self-interest only.
    • Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 4.
From 1989 to 2004, there have been nine coalition governments in India. Analyse the rise and fall of any two such coalition governments. (Delhi 2010)
OR
“The era of coalition in India started in 1989, which has come to stay in a big way.” Do you agree? Substantiate your answer by any three arguments. (HOTS; All India 2010)
Answer:
The era 1990s witnessed the emergence of strong political parties, regional parties through several issues viz OBC, Dalit etc. These parties formed government through alliances. Such alliance were United Front, National Front in 1996 and 1989 respectively.
Coalition from 1989 to 2004
Some parties had Congress support and formed alliance in 1996 called United Front. In 1989, BJP and Left supported National front.
In 1989, BJP and Left wanted to keep the Congress out of power, hence, both supported National Front and later in 1996, Congress wanted to keepout BJP from the power. Therefore, it supported United front and Left supported Congress in 1996. The alliance government did not succeed for long because BJP continued to strengthen its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. The BJP was the single largest party in 1996 parliamentary election.
In 1996, BJP was invited to form the government, but most of the political parties opposed its policies consequently it could not secure a majority in the Lok Sabha.
Lok Sabha Elections, 2004
In 2004 elections, the Congress party came to power with the new alliance known as United Progressive Alliance.This was a coalition in a big way. NDA was defeated and installation of another coalition led by DR. Manmohan Singh occurred. The UPA received support from DMK, PMK, AIADMK, RJD, NCP, TRS and left from Andhra Pradesh etc.
The 2004 elections also saw the partial revival of Congress party as it increased its seats compared to 1996 elections. However, there was a little bit difference between the votes polled by the Congress and its allies and the BJP and its allies in 2004 elections. Thus, the party system has taken another form suddenly from what it was till the seventies.
After the 1990s, the political process has been changed and it led to emergence of broadly four groups of parties:

  • The Congress supporting parties that made coalition with Congress.
  • The BJP allying parties
  • Left front parties
  • Some other parties which were not part of the above three

Question 5.
“The end of Eighties of the 20th century witnessed developments which made a long lasting impact on Indian parities”. Assess any three such developments, (HOTS; Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The end of eighties of the 20th century witnessed major development which have lasting impact on Indian politics, are as follows:
(i) End of Congress system
mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparison to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.
Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’. Congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.
(ii) Mandal issue
The Mandal issue started with the National Front Government’s decision to implement the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only. Thus, it brought widespread agitation and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.
(iii) New economic reforms
The new economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narismha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these reforms.
Question 6.
Describe the emergence of the coalition government in India. (All India 2009)
OR
“After the election in 1989, an era of coalition started in which political parties are not aligning or re-aligning on the basis of ideologies”. Explain. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
Undoubtly, in the new era of coalition politics, political parties are not aligning or re-aligning on the basis of ideology. The main basis of their aligning with one or the other party is to safeguard their own interest and to frustrate their opponents.
The best example was of Dr Manmohan Singh’s government where the leftists supported the UPA but in state both are opponents. The main interest was to keep out BJP from government. Same condition occurred in Bihar, when BJP and Janata Dal formed government to keep out RJD.
At the centre, UPA and NDA generally do these things and hence, it could be said that political parties are not aligning or realigning on the basis of ideology.
For features of coalition government on the basis of ideologies
Three features of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are :

  1. Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.
  2. Political opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self interest only.
  3. Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 7.
A two-party system is considered as the best form for a democratic system. India, on the other hand, has a multi-party system. Assess the advantages of the multi-party system in India. (All India to 2008)
Answer:
Two party systems is required for successful democracy. However, the multi-party system have the following advantages:

  1. No place for dictatorship Even if a party enjoys full majority, it can not function as dictator. The multi-party system provided a democratic government. Hence, if the largest party try do so then other parties will withdraw their support.
  2. Multiple choice of voters Since 1989 elections, voters have choices about whom they want to cast their votes. This is another advantage of multi-party system.
  3. True reflection of public opinion Parliament is the reflection of people. In case of multi-party systems. Parliament becomes a true reflector of people because diversity of culture, language are noticeable in Parliament.
  4. Possibility of stable government There is government majority in Parliament and Council of Ministers work according to the majority. This restricts Parliament not to pass no-confidence motion. Hence, mulit-party system is comparatively stable.
  5. Passing of bills Bills favouring people are passed by the Parliament and it is a coalition government which always asks its member parties to do so.
  6. Check the division of the two camps The two-party system leads to two camps. But the multi-party system checked the two hostile camps. It is rather a cementing force between groups of divergent loyalties.

Question 8.
“The regional parties have started playing an important role in the Indian politics”. Comment. (HOTS: Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
India as democracy has the multi-party system which means there are several political parties competing for power. Apart from the primary parties, each state has their own local political parties that rule and compete in their region.
Regional parties play following roles in Indian politics :

  1. In absence of clear majority, the largest party has to join hands with a regional party in order to form government. This is where the importance of the regional parties comes into play.
  2. Most of the regional parties have agenda furthering certain culture dominant within that state.
  3. The regional parties for their benefits divide the people of different states on the line of language, culture, traditions etc.
  4. Sometimes serious issues like India’s foreign policy’ are influenced and compromised by regional parties. This affects India’s credibility in international politics.
  5. They also work as a pressure groups in Indian politics.
  6. Sometimes regional parties influence the central government to divert more annual budget funds to their states at the expense of other states.


Passage-Based Questions

Question 1.
Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
In fact, the BSP under Kanshi Ram’s leadership was envisaged as an organisation based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujans (SCs, STs OBCs and religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their numbers. (Delhi 2013)
(i) Which organisation was formed by Kanshi Ram?
(ii) Give the full form of BSP.
(iii) Name any two religious minorities.
(iv) Why are the Bahujans considered a formidable political force?
Answer:
(i) BSP was formed by Kanshi RAM
(ii) Bahujan Samaj Party
(iii) Religious minorities – Muslim and Sikh
(iv) These communities (SCs, STs, OBCs) form the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their number.


Value Based Questions

Picture Based Questions
Question 1.
Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions
Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics 1
(i) Who was head of the Government formed by the National Front in 1989?
(ii) Why was the government formed by him called a puppet government?
(iii) Identify the puppeteers pulling the strings and the political parties they belong to. (All India 2016)
Answer:
(i) VP Singh was the head of the government formed by the National Front in 1989.
(ii)
(a) Because, the strings of this government were in the hands of other leaders.
(b) They were moving and controlling the government like a puppet by pulling the strings.
(iii)
(a) The puppeteers pulling the strings were Jyoti Basu and LK Advani.
(b) Jyoti Basu (CPM) and LK Advani (BJP).
Question 2.
Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions
Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics 2
(i) Identify any four national leaders from the above cartoon and mention the serial number of each.
(ii) Which was the most controversial issue of the period related to leader No.2 as Prime Minister of India?
(iii) What was the position of the party led by leader No. 1 in the Lok Sabha elections of 1989? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) VP Singh, LK Advani, Chandrashekhar and Devi Lai.
(ii) V P Singh
(iii) The party led by leader No-1 get only 197 seats in the Lok Sabha election of 1989.
Question 3.
Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions
Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics 3
(i) Why is the girl shown in the cartoon not worried about whether it is a single party or a coalition government?
(ii) Does a coalition government involve more compromises and why?
(iii) Do you think we can have bold and imaginative policies in a coalition government and why? (All India 2010)
Answer:
(i) She is not worried about whether it is a single party or a coalition government rather she is worried about the work the parties do for the progress of the country.
(ii) Yes, coalition government involves more compromises because different ideologies come together in a coalition.
(iii) Yes, to make a coalition stronger we can have bold and imaginative policies in a coalition government.
Question 4.
The National Front Government led by VP Singh was supported by the Left (represented here by Joyti Basu) as well as the BJP (represented by LK Advani) Delhi 2009
Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics 4
Look at the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions
(i) Does the cartoon refer to a puppet government?
(ii) Describe the role of such a government in the Indian democratic setup.
(iii) What is meant by ‘Support the Government from outside’?
Answer:
(i) Yes, the cartoon refers to a puppet government.
(ii) The role of a puppet government in the Indian democratic set-up can be

  • The government may become unstable.
  • It will weaken the functioning of democratic set-up.
  • Generally compromises are made on the policy decisions.

(iii) Support from outside means to support the functioning and process of the government without joining or becoming a part of the government.

Class 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 8 Regional Aspirations Hindi & English Medium

 

CBSE NCERT Class 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 8 Regional Aspirations Hindi & English Medium

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the three social and political regions of the Northern most State of India. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Jammu and Kashmir state comprises of which three social and political regions? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Three social and political regions of the Northern most State of India are-Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
Question 2.
Justify that ‘Regionalism is not as dangerous as communalism’. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Regionalism is dangerous in a specific region while communalism is dangerous for whole nation.
Question 3.
Why were the seven small states created in North-East India? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The isolation of the region, its complex social character and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country are responsible for creation of seven small states in North-East India.
Question 4.
Why do some people feel that Article 370 should be revoked? (All India 2015)
Answer:
Such people believes that the special status of the state conferred by Article 370 does not allow full integration of the state with India.
Question 5.
Which student’s group led the anti foreigner movement in Assam? (Delhi 2014)
OR
Which organisation of Assam led the movement against foreign nationals in 1979? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Organisation of Assam which led the movement against foreign nationals in 1979 is All Assam Students’ Union (AASU).
Question 3.
When was the first democratic election to Sikkim Assembly held and which party swept the elections? (All India 2013)
Answer:
The first democratic elections to Sikkim Assembly was held in 1974 which was swept by Sikkim Congress.
Question 6.
The states of which region of India are referred to as the ‘seven sisters’? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The seven sister states are a region in North-Eastern India, comprising the contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.
Question 7.
Mention any one point of agreement included in the Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal Accord. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
It was agreed that Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.
Question 8.
Shetkari Sangathan and Rajya Sangha belonged to which two respective states? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Shetkari Sangathan and Rajya Sangha belong to Maharashtra and Karnataka respectively.
Question 9.
Differentiate between regionalism and separatism. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the national or normative interests of a particular regions or group of regions. Whereas Separatism is the advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender.
Question 10.
What is meant by ‘Punjab Accord’ of 1985? (All India 2011)
Answer:
Punjab Accord was a step towards bringing normalcy to Punjab. This accord was with Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of Akali Dal.
Question 11.
What is the main reason behind the secessionist movement in the North-East India? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Main reason behind the secessionist movements in North-East is the isolation of the region and the backwardness of the states compared to other parts of the country.
Question 12.
Correct the following statement and rewrite. (Delhi 2008; All India 2008)
‘Goa was not merged with Maharashtra as the Central Government did not want it’.
Answer:
Goa was not merged with Maharashtra as the people of Goa did not want it.
Question 13.
What was ‘Operation Blue Star’? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
‘Operation Blue Star’ was an army action carried out against militancy in 1989 executed in Golden Temple, Amritsar.


2 Mark Questions

Question 1.
What will happen if the regions are not given their due share in decision¬making at the national level? (All India 2017)
Answer:
If the regions are not given their due share in decision-making at the national level, there will be tension and conflict between regions and union government which may result in collapse of political and electoral process of country.
Question 2.
How far did the Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal Accord succeed in bringing normalcy in Punjab? (All India 2017)
Answer:
The Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord or the Punjab Accord, was a step towards bringing normalcy to Punjab, however, peace did not come easily or immediately. The cycle of violence continued nearly for a decade.
Question 3.
Why and how did the Mizo movement for succession gain popular support? (All India 2016)
Answer:
The movement for succession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support due to following reasons:
(i) Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and therefore did not belong to the Indian Union.
(ii) The movement for succession gained popular support only after the Assam Government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.
(iii) The Mizo’s anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga.
After a long struggle, the problem was resolved by a peace agreement, signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga. As per this accord, Mizoram was granted full-fledged statehood with special powers and MNF agreed fo give up secessionist struggle.
Question 4.
What was ‘Operation Blue Star’? Why did it hurt the sentiments of the Sikh Community? (All India 2016)
Answer:
‘Operation Blue Star’ was an army action against militancy in 1989 which was executed in Golden Temple, Amritsar.
In this operation, the government could successfully flush out the militants, but it damaged the historic temple and deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikhs.
Question 5.
How was the reorganisation of North-East India completed and by when? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The reorganisation of North-East India was completed by 1970s. In 1972 Meghalaya was carved out of Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura became separate states in the same year.
Question 6.
What does the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 mean? (All India 2014)
OR
Mention any two provisions, which reflect special status to Jammu and Kashmir. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Two provisions which reflect special status to Jammu and Kashmir are :

  1. Articles 370 and 371 of Indian Constitution give greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. The state has its own Constitution.
  2. All provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to the state, law passed by the Parliament apply to Jammu and Kashmir only if the state agrees.

Question 7.
Highlight any two issues that dominate the politics of North-East India. (All India 2013)
Answer:
After independence two issues that dominate the politics of North-East India are :

  • Demands for autonomy
  • Movements for secessions and opposition to outsiders.

Question 8.
Name the original states from which the following states were carved out
(i) Meghalaya
(ii) Gujarat (All India 2012)
Answer:
(i) From Assam in 1972
(ii) From Bombay state in 1960
Question 9.
Describe the outcome of the ‘Assam Accord’ of 1985. (All India 2010)
Answer:
According to ‘Assam Accord’ of 1985, those foreigners who migrated into Assam during and after Bangladesh war and since, were to be identified and deported.
Question 10.
‘Regionalism does not imply separatism.’ Explain, (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Regionalism is the theory or practice of emphasizing the regional characteristics of local issues. Separatism advocates separation, especially existential or political separation.


4 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Why did the movement for secession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support? How was the problem resolved? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The movement for succession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support due to following reasons:

  1. Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and therefore did not belong to the Indian Union.
  2. The movement for succession gained popular support only after the Assam Government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.
  3. The Mizo’s anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga.

Question 2.
What was the main outcome of the Rajiv Gandhi Longowal Accord in July 1985? (All India, 2012)
Answer:
The outcomes of Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord were :

  • Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.
  • A separate commission will be set-up to resolve the border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
  • A tribunal would be set up to decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
  • Compensation and better treatment of those affected by the militancy in Punjab.
  • Withdrawal of the Application of Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Punjab.

Question 3.
Explain the rise of political violence in the North-Eastern part of India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Following reasons are responsible for the rise of political violence in the North-Eastern part of India :

  1. The large scale migration into North-East gave rise to a special kind of problem that pitted the ‘local’ communities against poeple who were seen as ‘outsiders’ or migrants.
  2. These latecomers, either from India or abroad are seen as encroachers onscarce resources like land and potential competitors to employment opportunities and political power.
  3. These issues have taken political and sometimes violent form in many states of the North-East.

Question 4.
What lessons can we draw from the feeling of alienation in some parts of India? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Lessons learnt from the feeling of alienation in some parts of India are following :

  • Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an abnormal phenomenon.
  • The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression.
  • Regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination.


6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe the advantages of the democratic approach to the question of diversity in uniting a large country like India. (Delhi 2016)
OR
While trying to forge and retain unity in diversity in India, there are many difficult issues which are yet to be tackled. Describe any three such areas of tension. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Which three lessons do we learn from regional aspirations and their accommodation as an integral part of democratic politics? Describe. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Since, 1980s, problems became more noticeable and tension and turmoil created and tested the strength of democracy to deal with aspirations of diverse groups.
Following lessons that we have been learnt are :

  1. It is not possible to keep away regional aspirations in a democracy.
  2. The best way to deal with regional aspirations is through democratic negotiation not by armed suppression.
  3. Having democratic structure is not sufficient, share in power at the state level by regional groups and parties is also important.
  4. The fourth lesson deals with economic development of various states/region imbalance in development could raise the feeling of discrimination.
  5. The final lesson is the farsighteness of Constitution makers who put effective provisions in Constitution for dealing with the question of diversity.

The federal structure adopted by India is flexible in nature. Each state is vested with same powers and special powers are granted to Jammu and Kashmir and the North-Eastern states.
Question 2.
Describe the story of Goa’s liberation from the Portuguese to its becoming a state of the Indian Union. (All India, 2018)
OR
Describe the process of Goa’s Liberation and becoming a state of the Indian Union. (All indin, 2015)
Answer:
The process of Goa’s liberation and becoming a state of the Indian Union are following :

  1. Despite the end of British Empire from India in 1947, Portuguese refused to withdraw from the territories of Goa, Diu and Daman.
  2. After India’s independence, the Indian Government tried very patiently to persuade the Portuguese government to withdraw.
  3. After a strong popular movement in December 1961, the Government of India sent the army which liberated it. Goa, Diu and Daman became Union Territory.
  4. In 1967, an ‘Opinion Poll’ was held in Goa and the majority voted in favour of remaining outside of Maharashtra.
  5. Thus, Goa continued as a Union Territory. Finally, in 1987, Goa became a state of the Indian Union.

Question 3.
Describe the internal-external disputes responsible for making the politics of Jammu and Kashmir continuously controversial. (All India 2016)
OR
What is the social and political composition of Jammu and Kashmir? Describe the roots of ‘Kashmir Issue’ which compelled the Indian Government to maintain autonomy in this state. (All India 2016)
OR
Describe any three obstacles that delayed the merger of Jammu and Kashmir with India. (All India 2015)
OR
Explain how the Indian Government has been pursuing the path of democratic negotiation to solve the Kashmir issue. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh are three social and political regions comprised in Jammu and Kashmir. They are follows:

  • Kashmir region Population comprises mostly Muslims. The Kashmir valley is heart of it, Kashmiri language is prominent language of the region Hindus are minority.
  • Jammu region It is a mix of foot hills and plains. Consists of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. Various languages are spoken.
  • Ladakh region It is mountainous and sparsely populated. Population consist of equal number of Muslims and Buddhists.

When Hari Singh (The then King of Jammu and Kashmir) agreed to merge Jammu and Kashmir with India in 1948. Special status was given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370.
This article provides special status to Jammu and Kashmir which provide it autonomy in many areas. No law of Indian Parliament will be effective unless it is approved by the State Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. This special provision were given by Indian Government in pursuing the path of democratic negotiation to solve the Kashmir issue.
Question 4.
Briefly describe the story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with India, (All India 2015)
Answer:
The story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with India is following :

  • At the time of independence, Sikkim was a ‘protectorate’ of India. It meant that while it was not a part of India, it was also not a fully sovereign country.
  • Sikkim’s monarch was Chogyal who was unable to deal with the democratic aspirations of the people.
  • The Chogyal was seen as perpetuating the rule of a small elite from the minority Lepch Bhutia community.
  • The anti Chogyal leaders of both the communities sought and got support from the Government of India.
  • The first assembly of Sikkim which was elected in 1974 were swept by Sikkim Congress and it sought the status of ‘associate state’ and the in April 1975 passed a resolution asking for full integration with India.
  • After an organised referendum Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.

Question 5.
Describe the role of EV Ramasami ‘Pariyar’ in the Dravid movement and formation of Dravida Kazhagam (DK). Why did the DK get split and enter into politics as DMK?
(All Indin 2015)
Answer:
Dravidian movement was a regional movement under leadership of EV Ramasami Naickar also known as Periyar. He played following role in this movement:

  • He was a strong supporter of atheism and was famous for his anti-caste struggle and rediscovery of Dravidian identity.
  • Initially he was a worker of the Congress Party and started the self-respect movement in 1925.
  • He led the anti-Brahmin movement and worked for the justice party and later founded Dravidar KazhagAnswer:
  • He opposed to Hindi and domination of North India.
  • He propounded the thesis that North Indians and Brahmins are Aryans

The DK split because the Dravidian movement initially spoke in terms of the whole of South India, however lack of support from other states limited the movement to Tamil Nadu. The DMK made its entry into politics with a three-pronged agitation in 1953-54.
Question 6.
Describe any two secessionist movements of North-East India. (All India 2013)
OR
Describe the Assam movement against the outsiders from 1979 to 1985. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Two secessionist movements of North-East India are-Assam movement and Mizo movement.
Assam Movement
The Assam, North-Eastern state had seen many changes since independence. States like Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal Predesh had been carved out of it.
The Assamese had a unique culture of their own. But the culture was suspected to be harmed because of the huge number of immigrants from Bangladesh.
To tackle those immigrants and to avoid the mixing of the culture with those of outsiders they launched a movement popularly known as the Assam movement.
Yes, the Assam movement was a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. It is justified from the following arguments :

  1. The outsiders had a deep effect on the local economy. The Assam was suffering from poverty and unemployment because of these immigrants.
  2. In spite of being a part of India, Assam was isolated and developmental work was not as functional as they were in any other part of the country.
  3. Economy was already at stake but the immigrants made it even worse.

Assamese had to face dual problem of cultural preservation and economic degradation. All Assam student union formed in 1979 led a struggle against these immigrates in order to save their culture.
Question 7.
“Ail regional movements need not lead to the separatist demands”. Explain the statement by giving suitable examples. (HOTS; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Regional movement need to be understood in the light of democratic politics. Expression of regional issue is not an abnormal phenomena. Even in smaller countries regional aspirations sprang up.
It does not mean that these regional movement want a separate state for themselves. Regional movements want to create a more autonomous state within the framework of parent country.
The best example of Regional movement could be drawn from our country only. Demand for autonomy arose when the non-Assamese felt that the Assam Government was imposing Assamese language on them protest raised up in whole state and leaders of various tribal communities wanted to separate from AssAnswer: Eastern India Tribal Union was formed which later transformed into All Party Hill Leader Conference in 1960.
The demand of separate state picked up momentum and instead of a single state several states were carved out by Central Government at different points of time. Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh is carved out ot AssAnswer: So, regional demands need not lead to separatist demands in normal cases.


Passage-Based Questions

Question 1.
Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow (All India 2014)
India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity. Democracy allows the political expressions of regional aspirations and does not look upon them as anti-national. Besides, democratic politics allows parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identity, aspirations and specific regional problems.
(i) Which type of diversity exists in India?
(ii) Name any two political parties that represent regional identity.
(iii) Mention any one movement that expresses regional aspirations.
(iv) How does democracy treat regional issues and problems?
Answer:
(i) Cultural diversity exists in India.
(ii) DMK and Shiv Sena.
(iii) Assam movement.
(iv) Democracy allows political parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identity, aspirations and specific regional problems.
Question 2.
Read the passage carefully given below and answer the questions that follows (Delhi 2014)
The Assam movement from 1979 to 1985 is the best example of such movement against ‘outsiders’. The Assamese suspected that there were huge numbers of illegal Bengali Muslim setters from Bangladesh. They felt that unless these foreign nationals are detected and deported, they would reduce the indigenous Assamese into a minority.
There were other economic issues too. There was widespread poverty and unemployment in Assam despite the existence of natural resources like oil, tea and coal.
It was felt that these were drained out of the state without any commensurate benefit to the people.
(i) Name the group that led the movement against outsiders in 1979.
(ii) Why did the Assamese seek the detection and deportation of the outsiders?
(iii) What were the economic issues taken up as part of the movement?
Answer:
(i) All Assam Student Union (AASU)
(ii) Huge numbers of Bengali Muslim from Bangladesh into Assam was a cause of concern for Assamese. They felt that unless these foreign nationals are detected and deported, they would reduce the indigenous Assamese into a minority.
(iii) Widespread poverty and unemployment in Assam despite the existence of natural resources like oil, tea and coal were the economic issues taken up as part of the movement.
Question 3.
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow (Delhi 2013)
The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression. Look at the situation in the eighties -militancy had erupted in
Punjab; problems were persisting in the North-East; Students in Assam were agitating. Kashmir valley was on the boil. Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the Government of India reached negotiated settlement with regional movements.
(i) How are regional aspirations dangerous for the unity of the country?
(ii) What is meant by democratic negotiations?
(iii) Who was leading the agitation in Assam?
(iv) What steps were taken by the Government of India to respond to the regional aspirations?
Answer:
(i) Regional aspirations pose threat and lead to collapse of political and electoral process of the country. Hence, they are dangerous for the unity of the country.
(ii) Democratic negotiations are process to solve the situation peacefully and with the help of dialogue.
(iii) Students were leading the agitation in AssAnswer:
(iv) Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the Government of India reached negotiated settlement with regional movements.

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