📖 Constitution Complete Notes + One Shot Revision

🌍 Constitution (संविधान)

❇️ What is the Constitution?

🔹 A Constitution is a collection of rules and laws related to the governance (शासन) of a country.

🔹 It gives power and authority to the government and guides how the country is run.

🔹 Citizens follow the laws and rules made according to the Constitution.

📚 Types of Constitution

1️⃣ Written Constitution 📝

🔹 A constitution made by a Constituent Assembly (संविधान सभा) in written form.

✅ Examples: India, America, Japan

2️⃣ Unwritten Constitution 📖

🔹 A constitution based on traditions, customs, court decisions, and old laws instead of a single written document.

✅ Examples: Britain, New Zealand, Israel

⚖️ Functions of the Constitution (संविधान के कार्य)

🔹 The Constitution establishes the three major organs of government 🏛️

➡️ Legislature (व्यवस्थापिका)

➡️ Executive (कार्यपालिका)

➡️ Judiciary (न्यायपालिका)

🔹 It explains the powers and responsibilities of these three organs and also sets limits on their authority. 📜

🔹 The Constitution regulates the relationship 🤝

✔️ Between the three organs of government

✔️ Between the government and the people

🔹 It helps in achieving the social, political and economic goals of the people 🌍 and prevents anarchy (अराजकता) in the country. 🚫

🇮🇳 Making of the Indian Constitution

⏳ Total Time & Sittings

🔹 The Constitution of India was completed in 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. 📜

🔹 A total of 166 meetings (sittings) were held for making the Constitution. 🏛️

🔹 Around ₹64 lakh was spent on its preparation. 💰

📚 Schedules in the Indian Constitution

🔹 At present, the Indian Constitution has 12 Schedules. 📖

👩 Women Members in the Constituent Assembly

🔹 There were 9 women members in the Constituent Assembly. 🌸

🔹 Important women members included:

✅ Sarojini Naidu

✅ Hansa Mehta

✅ Durgabai Deshmukh

✅ Amrita Kaur

✅ Begum Aizaz Rasul

✅ Vijayalakshmi Pandit

✍️ Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

🔹 On 29 August 1947, a 7-member Drafting Committee was formed under the chairmanship of 👨‍⚖️ Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

🔹 The committee presented the draft of the Constitution to the President of the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.

📜 Justice in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution

⚖️ Types of Justice

The Preamble provides 3 types of Justice to the citizens of India 🇮🇳

1️⃣ Social Justice 👥

🔹 It means equality (समानता) in society without discrimination based on caste, religion, gender or status.

🔹 Social justice is mainly protected through Fundamental Rights.

2️⃣ Economic Justice 💰

🔹 It ensures fair opportunities in economic life and reduces inequality between rich and poor.

🔹 Economic justice is mainly included in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

3️⃣ Political Justice 🗳️

🔹 It gives equal political rights to all citizens.

🔹 Includes the Right to Vote (मतदान का अधिकार) and participation in elections.

📝 Important Notes

🔹 The Preamble is considered a part of the Constitution. 📖

🔹 The Preamble is called the “Mirror of the Constitution” because it reflects the ideals and objectives of the Constitution. ✨

🇮🇳 Sources of the Indian Constitution

🔹 About 75% of the Indian Constitution was taken from the Government of India Act, 1935. 📜

🔹 The idea of 10 Fundamental Rights was taken from the Motilal Nehru Committee Report (1928).

🌍 Sources from Different Countries

🇬🇧 British Constitution

🔹 Parliamentary form of government

🔹 Rule of Law

🔹 Office of the Speaker

🔹 Election on the basis of majority votes

🇺🇸 Constitution of America

🔹 Fundamental Rights

🔹 Judicial Review

🔹 Independence of Judiciary

🇮🇪 Constitution of Ireland

🔹 Directive Principles of State Policy

🇫🇷 Constitution of France

🔹 Liberty, Equality & Fraternity

🇨🇦 Constitution of Canada

🔹 Quasi-Federal System 🇮🇳

🔹 Residuary Powers of Centre

🇮🇳 Features of the Indian Constitution

🔹 Written Constitution made by representatives of the people 📜

🔹 India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic 🇮🇳

🔹 Provides Fundamental Rights & Fundamental Duties ⚖️

🔹 Independent Judiciary 👨‍⚖️

🔹 Parliamentary System of Government 🏛️

🔹 Directive Principles of State Policy 📖

⚙️ Nature of the Indian Constitution

🔒 Rigid Constitution

🔹 Under Article 368, some amendments require a Special Majority in Parliament and support of at least half of the State Legislatures.

🔓 Flexible Constitution

🔹 Many provisions can also be amended by a Simple Majority of Parliament.

📜 Words Mentioned in the Preamble

⚖️ Justice

🔹 Provides Social, Economic & Political Justice to all citizens.

🕊️ Liberty

🔹 Freedom of thought, expression, belief, religion and worship.

🤝 Equality

🔹 Equal rights for all and end of discrimination.

❤️ Fraternity

🔹 Promotes brotherhood, unity and mutual love among citizens.

☸️ Secularism

🔹 Freedom to follow and practice any religion.

🌍 Socialist

🔹 Government works for public welfare and social equality.

🌍 Constitution of Nepal & South Africa

🇳🇵 Nepal Constitution Controversy

🔹 Nepal made several constitutions in 1948, 1951, 1959, 1962, 1990 & 2006.

🔹 The Madhesi Movement demanded amendments in the Constitution.

📜 Features of a Successful Constitution

🔹 Respect for constitutional provisions by all citizens

🔹 Protection of minorities & equal facilities ⚖️

🔹 Strengthening weaker social groups 🤝

🔹 Protection of freedom for everyone 🕊️

🇿🇦 South Africa Constitution

🔹 Constitution made in December 1996 📖

🔹 Important issues included:

✅ Environmental Protection 🌱

✅ Racial/Class Discrimination 🚫

✅ Housing Problem 🏠

✅ Health Issues 🏥

✅ Global Poverty 🌍

📖 Constitution Complete Notes + One Shot Revision | Pol Science

Amresh Academy

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