📚 Pastoral Nomads and Their Movements (चरवाहा खानाबदोश और उनके आंदोलन)
⛰️ In the Mountains (पहाड़ों में)
- 19th century – Gujjar Bakarwals, Jammu & Kashmir (19वीं सदी – गुज्जर बकरवाल, जम्मू-कश्मीर)
- Migrated to mountains for pastures for animals 🐄🌿 (जानवरों के लिए चरागाह की तलाश).
- Winter ❄️ → low hills of Siwalik range 🏞️ (सर्दियों में – सिवालिक पहाड़ियों में).
- End of April 🌸 → northern march for summer grazing ☀️🌱 (अप्रैल के अंत में – ग्रीष्म चरागाह की ओर उत्तर की यात्रा) → called kafila 🚶♂️🐑 (काफिला).
- End of September 🍂 → return to winter base 🏡 (सितंबर के अंत में – शीतकालीन ठिकाने वापसी).
- Gaddi shepherds, Himachal Pradesh 🏔️🐑 (गद्दी चरवाहे, हिमाचल प्रदेश) – similar seasonal cycle 🔄 (समान मौसमी आंदोलन)।
- Other Himalayan pastoralists 🏔️🐐 (अन्य हिमालयी चरवाहा समुदाय) – Gujjars (eastern), Bhotiyas, Sherpas, Kinnauris → summer ☀️ & winter ❄️ pastures.
🏜️ On the Plateaus, Plains and Deserts (मध्य पठार, मैदान और रेगिस्तान में)
- Maharashtra – Dhangars 🐂🧶 (महाराष्ट्र – ढांगड़)
- Shepherds, blanket weavers, buffalo herders 🐃🪢
- Monsoon 🌧️ → central plateau stay 🏞️
- October 🍁 → harvest bajra 🌾 & move west 🧭
- Reached Konkan → welcomed by Konkani peasants 👩🌾👨🌾
- Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh – Gollas, Kurumas, Kurubas 🐐🐑🧵
- Herded cattle, sheep & goats 🐄🐐, sold woven blankets 🧶
- Dry season ☀️ → moved to coastal tracts 🌊
- Banjaras 🚚🐄 (UP, Punjab, Rajasthan, MP & Maharashtra)
- Grazing 🐂 & livestock trading 💰
- Raikas, Rajasthan deserts 🏜️🐪
- Monsoon 🌧️ → stay in villages with pasture 🌿🏘️
- October 🍂 → move in search of water 💧 & pasture 🌱
- Return next monsoon 🔄
🌿 Life of Pastoral Groups (चरवाहा जीवन के कारक)
- Judge how long herds stay in one area ⏳ & locate water 💧 & pasture 🌱
- Calculate timing of movements 📅 & move through territories 🗺️
Build relationships with farmers 👨🌾👩🌾 → herds graze harvested fields 🌾 & manure soil 💩
📚 Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life (औपनिवेशिक शासन और चरवाहा जीवन)
🏞️ Changes Under Colonial Rule (औपनिवेशिक शासन में बदलाव)
- Pastoralists’ life completely changed 🔄 (चरवाहा जीवन पूरी तरह बदल गया)
- Movements regulated 🚶♂️📏, grazing grounds shrank 🌱❌, revenue payments increased 💰📈
- Agricultural stock declined 🐄📉, trades & crafts affected 🧵🛠️
Reasons for Change (बदलाव के कारण)
1️⃣ Land Revenue & Waste Land Rules (भूमि राजस्व और बेकार भूमि नियम)
- Land revenue = main colonial finance source 💰🏦
- Grazing lands → cultivated farms 🌾➡️💰
- Mid-19th century: Waste Land Rules → uncultivated lands taken over 🏞️❌ & given to select individuals 👨🌾
2️⃣ Forest Acts (वन अधिनियम)
- Mid-19th century → forests classified:
- Reserved forests 🌳⛔ → commercially valuable timber (deodar, sal)
- Protected forests 🌲⚠️ → other forests
- Pastoralists restricted from many forests 🚫🐐
3️⃣ Suspicion of Nomads & Criminal Tribes Act (घुमंतू लोगों पर शक और अपराधी जाति अधिनियम)
- British officials → wanted settled population 🏡
- 1871 → Criminal Tribes Act ⚖️ → certain pastoralist, craftsman & trader communities labelled as criminal by birth 👶❌
4️⃣ Taxation (कराधान)
- Land, canal water 💧, salt 🧂, trade goods 📦, animals 🐄 taxed
- Mid-19th century → grazing tax 🐏💸
- 1850s–1880s → tax collection auctioned to contractors 🏛️
- By 1880s → govt collected tax directly from pastoralists 💰
📌 Effects on Pastoralists (चरवाहा जीवन पर प्रभाव)
- Shortage of pastures 🌱❌
- Grazing lands → cultivated fields 🌾➡️💔
- Continuous use → pasture quality declined 📉
- Animal stock deteriorated 🐄⚠️
🛠️ Coping Strategies (चरवाहों ने कैसे जिया)
- Reduced cattle number 🐄⬇️
- Discovered new pastures 🌿🗺️
- Post-1947 → India-Pakistan border 🚧 stopped Raikas grazing on Indus banks 🌊🐫
- Rich pastoralists → bought land & settled 🏡
- Some became peasants 👩🌾, others traders 🛒
- Poor pastoralists → borrowed money 💵 from moneylenders 💳
- Despite challenges → pastoral life survived & expanded 🌱✨
- Worldwide → new laws & settlements forced pastoral communities to alter lives 🌍🔄
📚 Pastoralism in Africa (अफ्रीका में चरवाहा जीवन)
🌍 Dependence on Pastoralism (चरवाहा जीवन पर निर्भरता)
- Over 22 million Africans rely on pastoral activity for livelihood 🐄🌾 (अफ्रीका में 2.2 करोड़ से ज्यादा लोग चरवाहा जीवन पर निर्भर हैं)।
- Like India → colonial & post-colonial periods drastically changed lives 🔄📉
🏞️ Where Have the Grazing Lands Gone? (चरागाह कहाँ गए?)
- Pre-colonial Maasailand → vast area: north Kenya → northern Tanzania 🗺️
- 1885 → split by international boundary 🇰🇪🇹🇿 → best grazing lands taken for white settlements 🏘️
- Maasai pushed into small areas → southern Kenya & northern Tanzania 🐐
- Late 19th century → British encouraged peasant cultivation 🌾 → reduced Maasai grazing lands ⚠️
🚫 The Borders are Closed (सीमाएँ बंद)
- Pre-19th century → African pastoralists moved freely 🐄🌿
- Colonial restrictions → mobility limited ⛔
- European settlers → saw pastoralists as dangerous & savage 😠
- Territorial boundaries & restrictions → disrupted pastoral & trading activities 📉🛒
🌞 When Pastures Dry (चरागाह सूखने पर)
- Drought affected pastoralists everywhere 🌵☀️
- Traditionally → moved to survive bad times & avoid crises 🐄🔄
- Colonial period → Maasai confined to fixed reserves ⛔🏞️
- Shrinking grazing lands → drought impact intensified 💥
⚖️ Not All Were Equally Affected (सभी पर समान प्रभाव नहीं)
1️⃣ Maasai Society Structure (मसाई समाज की संरचना)
- Pre-colonial: elders 👴 & warriors 🗡️
- Elders → ruling group, periodic councils 🏛️
- Warriors → young, protect tribe & organise cattle raids 🐂⚔️
2️⃣ British Measures (ब्रिटिश उपाय)
- Chiefs appointed for sub-groups 👨💼
- Restrictions on raiding & warfare ❌🛡️
- Chiefs survived war & drought devastation 🏛️💪
3️⃣ Poor Pastoralists (गरीब चरवाहा)
- War & famine → lost nearly everything 💔
- Sought work in towns 🏙️
- Jobs: charcoal burners 🔥, odd jobs 🛠️
4️⃣ Social Changes (सामाजिक बदलाव)
- Traditional elders vs warriors → disturbed but not entirely broken ⚖️
- New distinction → wealthy vs poor pastoralists 💰⬇️
📚 Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
🌍 Impact of Modern Changes (आधुनिक बदलावों का प्रभाव)
- Pastoral communities worldwide → affected differently 🌏⚠️
- Movement patterns disrupted by new laws & borders 🛑📜
- Difficulty in grazing → especially during droughts 🌵🐄💔
💡 Adaptation & Survival (अनुकूलन और जीवन रक्षा)
- Adjust annual movement paths 🔄🗺️
- Reduce cattle numbers 🐄⬇️
- Demand rights to access new areas 🚪
- Exert political pressure for relief, subsidy & support 🏛️💰
- Seek role in management of forests & water resources 🌳💧
✅ Key Idea: Pastoralists may face challenges, but they adapt creatively to survive & sustain their livelihood 💪🌾
