๐ Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 9
๐ Globalisation
๐ Concept of Globalisation
๐น Globalisation = flows of ideas, capital, commodities & people across the world.
๐น It is a multidimensional concept → Political ๐️, Economic ๐ฐ, Cultural ๐ญ.
๐น Globalisation is not always positive → it can have negative consequences too.
๐น Fundamentally deals with flows:
- Ideas ๐ก moving across regions.
- Commodities ๐️ traded across borders.
- People ๐ฅ migrating.๐น Core feature → Worldwide interconnectedness (เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค เคเคชเคธी เคुเคก़ाเคต).
⚡ Causes of Globalisation
๐น No single factor responsible, but technology = critical element.
๐น Advances in transportation, communication, internet → easy movement of ideas, goods & people.
๐น Interconnections → any event in one part of the world affects another ๐.
- Example: Global financial crisis, pandemics, oil price rise.
๐️ Political Consequences of Globalisation
๐น Erosion of state capacity → governments lose some control.
๐น Rise of minimalist state → limited to core functions (law & order, security).
๐น Market ๐ฆ becomes prime determinant of economic & social priorities.
๐น But state capacity is not always reduced:
- State still remains primary authority of political community.
- Globalisation also gave states new technologies for info collection & surveillance.
๐ฐ Economic Consequences of Globalisation
๐น Many actors involved (not just IMF & WTO).
๐น Greater economic flows among countries:
- Trade in commodities ๐
- Capital investment ๐ธ
- Labour migration ๐จ๐ญ
- Technology transfer ⚙️๐น Trade barriers/restrictions reduced → more imports & exports.๐น Mixed opinions:
- Critics → benefits only small section of population.
- Supporters → generates growth & well-being for larger population.
๐ญ Cultural Consequences of Globalisation
๐น Globalisation impacts culture also, not just politics & economy.
๐น Leads to Cultural Homogenisation (เคธांเคธ्เคृเคคिเค เคธเคฎाเคจเคคा) → rise of uniform culture ๐.
- Example: Westernisation, dominance of global brands.๐น Has both positive & negative effects:
- Negative → Loss of local identity, traditions & diversity.
- Positive → Rise of cultural exchange, fusion & diversity (opposite effect).
✨ Exam Tip:
๐ Political, Economic & Cultural consequences ke examples tayyar rakho – board exams me direct question aata hai.
๐ India and Globalisation
๐ฎ๐ณ India and Globalisation
๐น Movement of flows (capital, commodities, ideas, people) in India = centuries old.
๐น British Rule (เคเคชเคจिเคตेเคถिเค เคाเคฒ) →
- India = Exporter of raw materials (cotton, indigo, jute etc.) ๐พ
- India = Importer of finished goods (British industries’ products).๐น After Independence (1947) →
- India chose self-sufficiency (เคเคค्เคฎเคจिเคฐ्เคญเคฐเคคा) instead of dependency.
- Adopted policies of import substitution & state-led development.๐น 1991 Economic Reforms (LPG policy) →
- Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation.
- Deregulation of trade & investment.
- Increased integration with world economy.
๐ซ Resistance to Globalisation (เคตैเคถ्เคตीเคเคฐเคฃ เคा เคตिเคฐोเคง)
๐น Many groups criticise globalisation:
- Seen as global capitalism → rich become richer, poor become poorer.
- Fear of cultural loss → erosion of traditional values, lifestyle & identity.๐น Anti-Globalisation movements also use global networks →
- Example: ๐ World Social Forum (WSF) → platform of human rights activists, environmentalists, labour unions, women & youth groups opposed to neo-liberal globalisation.
๐ฎ๐ณ India and Resistance to Globalisation
๐น In India, opposition has come from different groups:
- Left-wing protests ✊ → oppose economic liberalisation (political parties + forums).
- Right-wing protests ๐️ → mainly oppose cultural influences of globalisation (Westernisation, foreign media, consumerism).
✨ Exam Tip:
๐ Example-based answer likhna zaroori hai:
- 1991 LPG reforms for globalisation
- World Social Forum (WSF) for resistance
- Left vs Right protests in India
India and Globalisation ✨
๐ Facts That Matter
1️⃣ Meaning of Globalisation
๐ Globalisation means integration of a country’s economy with the world ๐ through free flow of trade, capital & people.
๐น It may also include Brain Drain (เคช्เคฐเคคिเคญाเคं เคा เคชเคฒाเคฏเคจ) across borders.
2️⃣ Positive Impacts of Globalisation
✔️ Increases volume of trade (เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคฌเคข़เคจा)
✔️ Inflow of private foreign capital ๐ฐ
✔️ Boosts Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
✔️ Creates new jobs ๐จ๐ผ
✔️ Improves productivity & efficiency ⚡
✔️ Encourages healthy competition ๐
3️⃣ Negative Impacts of Globalisation
❌ Failed to generate sufficient employment ๐
❌ Modern methods not suitable for less educated persons ๐
❌ Creates income inequality (เคเคฏ เค
เคธเคฎाเคจเคคा)
❌ Exploitation of natural resources ๐ณ & labour force ๐ท
4️⃣ Factors Responsible for Globalisation
๐น Historical factors
๐น Technological innovations ๐ป
๐น Liberalisation of trade policies ๐
๐น Entry of Multinational Companies (MNCs) ๐ข
5️⃣ Consequences of Globalisation
- Political – Governments use technology to collect information about citizens ๐ฅ️
- Economic – Movement of commodities, capital, people & ideas attract investments ๐ต
- Cultural – Expands choices (e.g. burger ๐ can’t replace masala dosa ๐ฅ) but also promotes homogenisation (เคธเคฎाเคจเคคा).
6️⃣ Role of International Organisations
๐ IMF & WTO (เคตिเคถ्เคต เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคธंเคเค เคจ) play a big role in shaping world economic policies ๐
7️⃣ Criticism of Globalisation
- Political – Weakens sovereignty (เคธंเคช्เคฐเคญुเคคा เคเคฎ เคเคฐเคจा)
- Economic – Rich get richer, poor get poorer ๐ธ
- Cultural – Loss of traditions & values ๐ญ๐น The World Social Forum (WSF) strongly opposed neo-liberal globalisation ๐ฉ
8️⃣ Globalisation in India
๐ In 1991, after a financial crisis, India accepted liberalisation & reforms ๐
๐ Many foreign companies entered Indian markets ๐ญ
9️⃣ Liberalisation & Privatisation
- Liberalisation – Freedom of trade & investment, technological growth ๐
- Privatisation – Private sector & foreign companies allowed to produce goods/services ๐ข
๐ Resistance to Globalisation in India
- Left Wing – Political parties & trade unions protested against MNCs ✊
- Right Wing – Objected cultural influence of foreign TV ๐บ, Valentine’s Day ๐, western dresses ๐
๐ฑ Environmental Movements & Globalisation
1️⃣ Environmental Movements ๐ณ
๐ Groups challenging environmental degradation at national/international level.
Examples – Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia, India etc.
2️⃣ Types of Movements
- Forest movements ๐ฒ
- Anti-mining & anti-water pollution protests ๐ซ
- Anti-dam movements ๐️
3️⃣ Resources Geopolitics
๐ Deals with “Who gets what, when, where & how” regarding resources.
๐น Industrialised nations use military forces, stockpiling & alliances to secure resources ⚔️
4️⃣ Oil & Water Politics
- Oil = backbone of world economy ⛽ (linked with wars & conflicts)
- Water scarcity ๐ง may lead to future conflicts.
5️⃣ Indigenous People & Globalisation
๐ Indigenous people (เคฎूเคฒ เคจिเคตाเคธी) struggle for rights, resources & culture.
Examples – Oceanic Islands, South America, Africa, India, SE Asia.
6️⃣ Rights of Indigenous People
๐ Neglected for long in domestic & international politics.
๐ World Council of Indigenous People (1975) – 1st NGO with UN consultative status.
✨ Words that Matter – Class 12 Political Science
๐ Chapter 9: Globalisation
๐ Globalisation
๐ It signifies integration of an economy with the economies of other countries under the process of free flow of trade and capital.
(เค
เคฐ्เคฅเคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เคा เค
เคจ्เคฏ เคฆेเคถों เคी เค
เคฐ्เคฅเคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅाเคं เคธे เคुเคก़ाเคต, เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคต เคชूंเคी เคे เคฎुเค्เคค เคช्เคฐเคตाเคน เคे เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎ เคธे)
๐ค World Social Forum (WSF)
๐ A global platform to bring together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists, labour groups, youth & women activists.
(เคฎाเคจเคต เค
เคงिเคाเคฐ เคाเคฐ्เคฏเคเคฐ्เคคा, เคชเคฐ्เคฏाเคตเคฐเคฃเคตिเคฆ, เคฎเคนिเคฒा เคाเคฐ्เคฏเคเคฐ्เคคा เคเคฆि เคो เคोเคก़เคจे เคตाเคฒा เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค เคฎंเค)
๐ญ Privatisation (เคจिเคीเคเคฐเคฃ)
๐ It allows private sector companies to produce goods and services in a country.
(เคिเคธी เคฆेเคถ เคฎें เคตเคธ्เคคुเคँ เคเคฐ เคธेเคตाเคँ เคเคค्เคชाเคฆिเคค เคเคฐเคจे เคी เค
เคจुเคฎเคคि เคจिเคी เคंเคชเคจिเคฏों เคो เคฆेเคจा)
๐ Liberalisation (เคเคฆाเคฐीเคเคฐเคฃ)
๐ It signifies relaxation of government rules and regulations relating to activities in service and industrial sectors.
(เคธेเคตा เคต เคเคฆ्เคฏोเคिเค เค्เคทेเคค्เคฐों เคฎें เคธเคฐเคाเคฐी เคจिเคฏเคฎों เคเคฐ เคช्เคฐเคคिเคฌंเคงों เคो เคถिเคฅिเคฒ เคเคฐเคจा)
๐ญ Cultural Heterogenisation (เคธांเคธ्เคृเคคिเค เคตिเคทเคฎเคคा)
๐ It signifies cultural differences and distinctive nature of cultures generated by globalisation.
(เคตैเคถ्เคตीเคเคฐเคฃ เคธे เคเคค्เคชเคจ्เคจ เคธांเคธ्เคृเคคिเค เคญिเคจ्เคจเคคाเคँ เคเคฐ เคเคจเคी เคตिเคถिเคท्เค เคช्เคฐเคृเคคि)
