📘 Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 9
🌍 Globalisation
🌎 Concept of Globalisation
🔹 Globalisation = flows of ideas, capital, commodities & people across the world.
🔹 It is a multidimensional concept → Political 🏛️, Economic 💰, Cultural 🎭.
🔹 Globalisation is not always positive → it can have negative consequences too.
🔹 Fundamentally deals with flows:
- Ideas 💡 moving across regions.
- Commodities 🛍️ traded across borders.
- People 👥 migrating.🔹 Core feature → Worldwide interconnectedness (वैश्विक आपसी जुड़ाव).
⚡ Causes of Globalisation
🔹 No single factor responsible, but technology = critical element.
🔹 Advances in transportation, communication, internet → easy movement of ideas, goods & people.
🔹 Interconnections → any event in one part of the world affects another 🌐.
- Example: Global financial crisis, pandemics, oil price rise.
🏛️ Political Consequences of Globalisation
🔹 Erosion of state capacity → governments lose some control.
🔹 Rise of minimalist state → limited to core functions (law & order, security).
🔹 Market 🏦 becomes prime determinant of economic & social priorities.
🔹 But state capacity is not always reduced:
- State still remains primary authority of political community.
- Globalisation also gave states new technologies for info collection & surveillance.
💰 Economic Consequences of Globalisation
🔹 Many actors involved (not just IMF & WTO).
🔹 Greater economic flows among countries:
- Trade in commodities 🛒
- Capital investment 💸
- Labour migration 👨🏭
- Technology transfer ⚙️🔹 Trade barriers/restrictions reduced → more imports & exports.🔹 Mixed opinions:
- Critics → benefits only small section of population.
- Supporters → generates growth & well-being for larger population.
🎭 Cultural Consequences of Globalisation
🔹 Globalisation impacts culture also, not just politics & economy.
🔹 Leads to Cultural Homogenisation (सांस्कृतिक समानता) → rise of uniform culture 🌎.
- Example: Westernisation, dominance of global brands.🔹 Has both positive & negative effects:
- Negative → Loss of local identity, traditions & diversity.
- Positive → Rise of cultural exchange, fusion & diversity (opposite effect).
✨ Exam Tip:
👉 Political, Economic & Cultural consequences ke examples tayyar rakho – board exams me direct question aata hai.
🌍 India and Globalisation
🇮🇳 India and Globalisation
🔹 Movement of flows (capital, commodities, ideas, people) in India = centuries old.
🔹 British Rule (औपनिवेशिक काल) →
- India = Exporter of raw materials (cotton, indigo, jute etc.) 🌾
- India = Importer of finished goods (British industries’ products).🔹 After Independence (1947) →
- India chose self-sufficiency (आत्मनिर्भरता) instead of dependency.
- Adopted policies of import substitution & state-led development.🔹 1991 Economic Reforms (LPG policy) →
- Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation.
- Deregulation of trade & investment.
- Increased integration with world economy.
🚫 Resistance to Globalisation (वैश्वीकरण का विरोध)
🔹 Many groups criticise globalisation:
- Seen as global capitalism → rich become richer, poor become poorer.
- Fear of cultural loss → erosion of traditional values, lifestyle & identity.🔹 Anti-Globalisation movements also use global networks →
- Example: 🌐 World Social Forum (WSF) → platform of human rights activists, environmentalists, labour unions, women & youth groups opposed to neo-liberal globalisation.
🇮🇳 India and Resistance to Globalisation
🔹 In India, opposition has come from different groups:
- Left-wing protests ✊ → oppose economic liberalisation (political parties + forums).
- Right-wing protests 🕉️ → mainly oppose cultural influences of globalisation (Westernisation, foreign media, consumerism).
✨ Exam Tip:
👉 Example-based answer likhna zaroori hai:
- 1991 LPG reforms for globalisation
- World Social Forum (WSF) for resistance
- Left vs Right protests in India
India and Globalisation ✨
📌 Facts That Matter
1️⃣ Meaning of Globalisation
👉 Globalisation means integration of a country’s economy with the world 🌍 through free flow of trade, capital & people.
🔹 It may also include Brain Drain (प्रतिभाओं का पलायन) across borders.
2️⃣ Positive Impacts of Globalisation
✔️ Increases volume of trade (व्यापार बढ़ना)
✔️ Inflow of private foreign capital 💰
✔️ Boosts Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
✔️ Creates new jobs 👨💼
✔️ Improves productivity & efficiency ⚡
✔️ Encourages healthy competition 🏆
3️⃣ Negative Impacts of Globalisation
❌ Failed to generate sufficient employment 😞
❌ Modern methods not suitable for less educated persons 📚
❌ Creates income inequality (आय असमानता)
❌ Exploitation of natural resources 🌳 & labour force 👷
4️⃣ Factors Responsible for Globalisation
🔹 Historical factors
🔹 Technological innovations 💻
🔹 Liberalisation of trade policies 📈
🔹 Entry of Multinational Companies (MNCs) 🏢
5️⃣ Consequences of Globalisation
- Political – Governments use technology to collect information about citizens 🖥️
- Economic – Movement of commodities, capital, people & ideas attract investments 💵
- Cultural – Expands choices (e.g. burger 🍔 can’t replace masala dosa 🥘) but also promotes homogenisation (समानता).
6️⃣ Role of International Organisations
👉 IMF & WTO (विश्व व्यापार संगठन) play a big role in shaping world economic policies 🌐
7️⃣ Criticism of Globalisation
- Political – Weakens sovereignty (संप्रभुता कम करना)
- Economic – Rich get richer, poor get poorer 💸
- Cultural – Loss of traditions & values 🎭🔹 The World Social Forum (WSF) strongly opposed neo-liberal globalisation 🚩
8️⃣ Globalisation in India
👉 In 1991, after a financial crisis, India accepted liberalisation & reforms 📊
👉 Many foreign companies entered Indian markets 🏭
9️⃣ Liberalisation & Privatisation
- Liberalisation – Freedom of trade & investment, technological growth 🚀
- Privatisation – Private sector & foreign companies allowed to produce goods/services 🏢
🔟 Resistance to Globalisation in India
- Left Wing – Political parties & trade unions protested against MNCs ✊
- Right Wing – Objected cultural influence of foreign TV 📺, Valentine’s Day 💌, western dresses 👗
🌱 Environmental Movements & Globalisation
1️⃣ Environmental Movements 🌳
👉 Groups challenging environmental degradation at national/international level.
Examples – Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia, India etc.
2️⃣ Types of Movements
- Forest movements 🌲
- Anti-mining & anti-water pollution protests 🚫
- Anti-dam movements 🏞️
3️⃣ Resources Geopolitics
👉 Deals with “Who gets what, when, where & how” regarding resources.
🔹 Industrialised nations use military forces, stockpiling & alliances to secure resources ⚔️
4️⃣ Oil & Water Politics
- Oil = backbone of world economy ⛽ (linked with wars & conflicts)
- Water scarcity 💧 may lead to future conflicts.
5️⃣ Indigenous People & Globalisation
👉 Indigenous people (मूल निवासी) struggle for rights, resources & culture.
Examples – Oceanic Islands, South America, Africa, India, SE Asia.
6️⃣ Rights of Indigenous People
👉 Neglected for long in domestic & international politics.
👉 World Council of Indigenous People (1975) – 1st NGO with UN consultative status.
✨ Words that Matter – Class 12 Political Science
📖 Chapter 9: Globalisation
🌍 Globalisation
👉 It signifies integration of an economy with the economies of other countries under the process of free flow of trade and capital.
(अर्थव्यवस्था का अन्य देशों की अर्थव्यवस्थाओं से जुड़ाव, व्यापार व पूंजी के मुक्त प्रवाह के माध्यम से)
🤝 World Social Forum (WSF)
👉 A global platform to bring together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists, labour groups, youth & women activists.
(मानव अधिकार कार्यकर्ता, पर्यावरणविद, महिला कार्यकर्ता आदि को जोड़ने वाला वैश्विक मंच)
🏭 Privatisation (निजीकरण)
👉 It allows private sector companies to produce goods and services in a country.
(किसी देश में वस्तुएँ और सेवाएँ उत्पादित करने की अनुमति निजी कंपनियों को देना)
📉 Liberalisation (उदारीकरण)
👉 It signifies relaxation of government rules and regulations relating to activities in service and industrial sectors.
(सेवा व औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों में सरकारी नियमों और प्रतिबंधों को शिथिल करना)
🎭 Cultural Heterogenisation (सांस्कृतिक विषमता)
👉 It signifies cultural differences and distinctive nature of cultures generated by globalisation.
(वैश्वीकरण से उत्पन्न सांस्कृतिक भिन्नताएँ और उनकी विशिष्ट प्रकृति)
