🔹 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
❓ Q2. What is meant by the ‘Medieval Age’ in Europe?
❓ Q6. Write a short note on the power of the Church.
👉 The Catholic Church (कैथोलिक चर्च) was very powerful:
🌍 Controlled large lands
💰 Imposed taxes (कर) on people
👑 Influenced kings and common people
✝️ The Pope (पोप) was regarded as the representative of God (ईश्वर का प्रतिनिधि)
❓ Q7. Which types of persons could not become priests?
❓ Q8. Where did monks live? Mention their main places.
👉 Monks (भिक्षु/साधु) lived in:
🏰 Monasteries (मठ)
❓ Q11. Define Serfdom.
👉 Serfdom (सर्फ़डम / दासप्रथा) was a condition in which:
•👨🌾 Peasants (किसान) were tied to the lord’s land
•🚫 They could not leave without permission (अनुमति)
•🛠️ They had to provide labor (मजदूरी/श्रम) to the lord (जमींदार/मालिक)
•
•
•
❓ Q12. What was a Tithe?
👉 Tithe (टाइथ / दशमांश कर) was a tax in which peasants gave one-tenth (1/10) of their produce (उत्पाद) to the Church (चर्च).
•
❓ Q9. Describe a Manor.
👉 Manor (मैनेर / सामंती जागीर) was the residential estate (निवासीय संपत्ति) of a lord (जमींदार/स्वामी) where he had complete control over the villages.
🔹 Main Features of a Manor:
1️⃣ Manor-house (निवास):
•Each lord had his own Manor-house (residence) with full control over villages.
2️⃣ Size of Manor (आकार):
•A small manor → about 12 families 👨👩👧👦
•A large manor → about 50–60 families 👨👩👧👦👨👩👧👦
3️⃣ Components (अवयव): 🌾 Fields (खेती की ज़मीन),🌲 Forests (जंगल) – used by lords for hunting 🏹,🐄 Pastures (चरागाह), ⛪ Church (चर्च), 🏰 Fort (किला)
4️⃣ Economy (आर्थिक स्थिति):
•Manors were self-sufficient (आत्मनिर्भर) but lacked luxury goods (विलासिता की वस्तुएँ).
•Expensive goods like ornaments, fine clothes, weapons, vessels, jewelry were imported (आयातित).
5️⃣ Castles (किला):
•Special castles were built for the residence of knightly families (योद्धा परिवार).
❓ Q18. Describe the Three-Field System.
👉 The Three-Field System (त्रि-क्षेत्र प्रणाली) was an advanced method of agriculture (कृषि पद्धति) used in Medieval Europe.
🔹 Main Features:
1️⃣ Division of Land (भूमि का विभाजन):
•Agricultural land was divided into three parts (तीन हिस्सों में बाँटा गया).
2️⃣ Crops in Fields (फसलों की खेती):
•🌾 First field: Wheat (गेहूँ) or Rye (राई) sown
•🌱 Second field: Peas (मटर) or Beans (सेम) cultivated
•🚜 Third field: Left fallow (खाली / परती भूमि)
3️⃣ Rotation System (फसल चक्रीकरण):
•Every year, crops were rotated (फसलें अदल-बदल कर बोई जाती थीं).
4️⃣ Advantages (लाभ):
•🌍 Increased soil fertility (मिट्टी की उर्वरता)
•🌾 Increased agricultural production (कृषि उत्पादन) compared to the two-field system
❓ Q20. Describe the Economic Crisis of the 14th Century in Europe.
👉 During the 14th century (14वीं शताब्दी), Europe faced a severe economic crisis (गंभीर आर्थिक संकट) due to multiple reasons.
🔹 Causes (कारण):
1️⃣ Climate Change (जलवायु परिवर्तन):
Harsh winters ❄️ and short growing season 🌱
2️⃣ Poor Harvests (कमज़ोर फसल):
Shortage of wheat (गेहूँ) and barley (जौ)
3️⃣ Famines (अकाल):
Food scarcity 🍞 → starvation (भुखमरी)
4️⃣ Epidemics (महामारी):
Plague (महामारी) spread killing millions 💀
5️⃣ Decline of Population (जनसंख्या में गिरावट):
From 73 million → 45 million (1300–1400 CE) 📉
6️⃣ Decline in Trade (व्यापार में कमी):
Shortage of silver & gold coins.
🔹 Effects (परिणाम):
1️⃣ Social Unrest (सामाजिक अशांति):
•Peasant revolts ⚔️
2️⃣ Decline in Agricultural Production (कृषि उत्पादन में गिरावट):
•Less food & resources 🌾
3️⃣ Fall in Land Revenue (भूमि कर में कमी):
•Loss to lords & rulers 💰
4️⃣ Decline in Prices & Profits (मूल्य व लाभ में गिरावट):
•Economy weakened 📉
5️⃣ Rise in Wages (मजदूरी में वृद्धि):
•Due to labor shortage (मज़दूरों की कमी) 👨🌾💵
