Class 11 History Chapter 10 Notes – Displacing Indigenous Peoples | NCERT Summary

Class 11 History Chapter 10 Notes – Displacing Indigenous Peoples | NCERT Summary

Class 11 History
Published on By Amresh Academy

 

📘 Class 11 History

Chapter 10 – Displacing Indigenous Peoples (मूल निवासियों का विस्थापन)

🌍 Colonial Expansion (उपनिवेशिक विस्तार)

  • After the 17th century, Spanish (स्पेनिश) and Portuguese (पुर्तगाली) empires in America stopped expanding.

  • Other European nations like France, Holland, and England spread trade and established colonies (उपनिवेश) in America, Africa, and Asia.

🚢 Migration of Spaniards & Portuguese (स्पेनी और पुर्तगालियों का प्रवास)

  • In the 18th century, migrants from Spain and Portugal settled in more regions of America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.

  • This process forced many indigenous people (मूल निवासी) to move away from their native lands.

🏘 Colony (कॉलोनी)

  • In the 17th century, Europeans established settlements overseas.

  • Such settlements were called Colonies (उपनिवेश).

🏳️ Independence of Colonies (उपनिवेशों को देश का दर्जा)

  • When these colonies declared independence from their European "mother countries" (मातृदेश), they gained the status of nations (देश).

👥 Settlers (आबादकार)

  • Term used for Dutch in South Africa, British in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and Europeans in America.

🧑‍🌾 Native (नेटिव)

  • A person born in their own homeland.

  • By the early 20th century, Europeans used this term for indigenous inhabitants (मूल निवासी) of their colonies.

📿 Wampum Belt (वेमपुम बेल्ट)

  • A belt made by sewing colored shells (रंगीन सीपियां).

  • It was exchanged between local tribes after treaties (समझौते).

📖 Signs of a "Civilized Person" (सभ्य मनुष्य की पहचान)

  • In 18th century Western Europe, being civilized meant:

    • Literacy (साक्षरता)

    • Organized religion (संगठित धर्म)

    • Urban lifestyle (शहरीपन)

  • In North America, many spoken languages (बोली जाने वाली भाषाएँ) existed but they were not written.

💰 Gold Rush & Industrial Growth (गोल्ड रश और उद्योगों की वृद्धि)

  • In 1840, discovery of gold in California started the Gold Rush (सोने की दौड़).

  • Led to:

    • Railway construction 🚂

    • Industrial towns 🏭

    • Growth in number of factories ⚙️

🏞 Aborigines (एबोरिजिनीज)

  • Early humans (आदिमानव) of the Australian continent were called Aborigines.

🏴 Colonial (औपनिवेशिक)

  • Related to a country that controls another land.

🎙 Oral History (ओरल हिस्ट्री)

  • Using spoken accounts (मौखिक विवरण) to record and preserve history.

🌱 Subsistence Economy (सब्सिडी अर्थव्यवस्था)

  • Producing only as much as required to meet basic needs (बुनियादी आवश्यकताएँ).

🌐 Multiculturalism (बहुसंस्कृतिवाद)

  • A policy of giving equal respect (समानता) to the cultures of both European and Asian immigrants.

📜 Terra Nullius (टेरा नूलियस)

  • A doctrine meaning "land belonging to no one" (भूमि पर किसी का अधिकार नहीं), denying indigenous ownership.

🏛 Canberra (कैनबरा)

  • In 1911, Australia's new capital was proposed as Woolwheatgold, but later named Canberra.

  • Derived from the local word Kamberra, meaning "meeting place" (सभा स्थल).

✨ The Gold Rush (गोल्ड रश)

  • ⏳ In 1840, signs of gold were found in California (USA).

  • 🌟 This led to the “Gold Rush”, where thousands of eager Europeans rushed to America hoping to become rich quickly.

🏭 Industrial Growth in America due to Gold Rush (गोल्ड रश से औद्योगिक वृद्धि)

  • 🚂 Construction of railway lines across America.

  • 👷 Thousands of Chinese workers were employed.

  • 🏗️ Development of industries producing railway equipment.

  • 🚜 Large-scale agricultural machines were manufactured.

  • 🏙️ Growth of industrial towns in USA and Canada.

🏹 Displacement of Native Americans (मूल बाशिंदों को बेदखल करना)

  • 👨‍👦 Many settlers from Britain & France (younger sons with no inheritance) wanted land ownership in America.

  • ✝️ Protestants and some Catholics left Europe to escape dominance and start a new life.

  • 🌾 Settlers grew new crops (not found in Europe) to earn profits.

  • ❌ They believed natives did not know how to “use” land, so displacing them was justified.

⚔️ Methods of Displacement (बेदखल करने के तरीके)

  • 📝 Taking more land by fraud.

  • 💰 Breaking payment promises after land deals.

  • ✍️ Forcing natives to leave after land-sale agreements.

  • 🪖 Using the US army to expel Cherokee tribes.

  • ⛏️ Forcing natives out whenever lead, gold, or minerals were discovered underground.

🌊 1970s Wave of Change in Australia (1970 के दशक में बदलाव)

  • 🌱 New respect for Australian indigenous people.

  • 🎭 Seen as communities with unique cultures.

  • ☀️ Recognition of their methods of understanding nature & climate.

  • 🎨 Appreciation of stories, weaving, paintings, handicrafts.

  • 🏛️ Universities & museums started studying and preserving their culture.

  • 📖 Indigenous people began writing their own history.

  • 🌍 Their bond with land was respected and honored.
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