📘 Class 11 History – Chapter 10
🌏 Paths to Modernization (आधुनिकीकरण के मार्ग)
🇨🇳 China
- China is a vast continental country (विशालकाय महाद्वीप देश) with diverse climatic regions.
- The Han (हान) are the largest ethnic group, and the major language is Chinese.
🟥 Establishment of Communist Government in China (साम्यवादी सरकार)
- Communist government was established in 1949 in China.
🇯🇵 Japan
- Unlike China, Japan is an island chain (द्वीप श्रृंखला) consisting of four major islands – Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido.
- In the early 12th century, Shoguns (शोगुन – military rulers) came to power.
- From 1603 to 1867, the Tokugawa dynasty (तोकुगावा वंश) held the Shogunate position.
🏛️ The Diet (डायट – Japanese Parliament)
- The Japanese Parliament is called the Diet, inspired by German ideology (जर्मन विचारधारा).
👤 Fukuzawa Yukichi (फुकुज़ावा यूकिची)
- A major intellectual of the Meiji Era (मेज़ी काल).
- He suggested that Japan should “expel Asia from within itself” to modernize faster.
👑 End of Qing Dynasty in China (छींग राजवंश का अंत)
- The Qing dynasty ruled from 1644 to 1911.
- In the early 19th century, China had dominance in East Asia.
- But soon it faced unrest (अशांति) and colonial challenges (औपनिवेशिक चुनौती).
- The dynasty failed to make reforms, leading to civil wars (गृहयुद्ध) and loss of political control.
⚙️ 19th Century Industrial Economy in Japan (औद्योगिक अर्थतंत्र)
- From late 18th to 19th century, Japan progressed much faster than other Asian nations.
- It developed into a modern nation-state (आधुनिक राष्ट्र-राज्य) and built an industrial economy.
- Japan established a colonial empire, annexing Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910).
- Defeated China in 1894 and even Russia in 1905, proving its growing power.
🌍 Geographical Differences between China & Japan
🇨🇳 China:
- A vast continental nation with diverse climate (विविध जलवायु).
- Multiple national languages are spoken.
- Rich in mineral diversity (खनिज विविधता).
🇯🇵 Japan:
- An island nation (द्वीप श्रृंखला).
- Four major islands; over 50% land is mountainous.
- Main language – Japanese.
- Located in an active earthquake zone (सक्रिय भूकंप क्षेत्र).
⏳ Slow Chinese Response to Modernization (धीमी प्रतिक्रिया)
- Compared to Japan and Europe, China’s modernization was slow and difficult.
- They tried to redefine traditions (परंपराओं को पुनः परिभाषित करना) to face the modern world.
- Aimed to rebuild national strength (राष्ट्र-शक्ति का पुनर्निर्माण) and free themselves from Western & Japanese control.
- Realized that only a revolution (क्रांति) could remove inequalities and rebuild the nation.
🌸 Meiji Restoration & Modern China
✨ Meiji Restoration (1867–68)
🔹 Meaning – Formation of an enlightened government in Japan.
🔹 Started due to rising dissatisfaction among people.
🔑 Causes Behind Meiji Restoration
- 📌 Various types of dissatisfaction in the country.
- 📌 Demand for international trade and diplomatic relations.
💹 Economic Modernization under Meiji Rule
- 🌾 Tax on agriculture.
- 🚂 Introduction of railways.
- 🏭 Import of machines for textile industries.
- 👨🏭 Workers trained by foreign experts.
- 🎓 Students sent abroad for studies.
- 🏦 Beginning of modern banking system.
- 💰 Tax relief & subsidies for companies.
🛡️ Fukoku Kyōhei – "Rich Nation, Strong Army"
📚 Educational Reforms in Japan
- 👦👧 Schooling made compulsory for boys & girls.
- 💸 School fees kept very low.
- 💡 Focus on modern ideas.
- 📖 Stress on loyalty to the state & study of Japanese history.
- 📚 Control over textbooks & teacher training.
- 👪 Emphasis on respect for parents, loyalty to nation, and good citizenship.
🌍 Environmental Impact of Industrialization in Japan
- 🌲 High demand for wood → destruction of environment.
- 🌫️ Air & water pollution increased.
- 🚶 Migration to cities → decline in agriculture.
🇨🇳 Modern China
👤 Chiang Kai-shek – Contributions
- ⚔️ Controlled Warlords.
- 🚫 Crushed Communists.
- 📖 Supported secular Confucianism.
- 🪖 Tried militarization of the nation.
- 👩 Encouraged 4 virtues in women – Chastity, Beauty, Speech & Work.
❌ Reasons for Failure to Unite China
- Narrow social base.
- Limited political vision.
- Failure in land reforms & equality.
- Military dictatorship instead of solving people’s problems.
🗣️ Three Groups in Chinese Debates
- 👨 K’ang Youwei (1858–1927) & Liang Qichao (1873–1929).
- 👨 Sun Yat-sen – 2nd President of Republic.
- ☭ Communist Party of China.
🏯 Beginning of Modern China
- Started in 16th–17th century with first contact with the West.
⛪ Jesuit Missionaries
- Brought astronomy & mathematics from the West to China.
💊 First Opium War (1839–1842)
- Fought between Britain & China.
- Britain used force to expand opium trade.
📌 Results:
- Weakened Qing dynasty.
- Increased demand for reforms & change.
🌟 Sun Yat-sen – Founder of Modern China
- Ended Manchu Empire (1911) → established Republic.
- Belonged to a poor family, educated in mission schools.
- Famous for Three Principles of the People (San Min Chu-i).
📘 The Three Principles:
- 🇨🇳 Nationalism – Remove Manchus & imperial powers.
- 🏛️ Republicanism – Establish democracy.
- ⚖️ Socialism – Regulate capital & land equality.
➡️ His ideas became the foundation of Kuomintang philosophy.
🗳️ Democracy in Taiwan
- After Chiang Kai-shek’s death (1975) → Martial Law lifted (1987).
- Multi-party democracy established.
- First free elections gave power to native Taiwanese leaders.
⚒️ Modernization in China under Communists
- ☭ Strong control by Communist Party.
- 🌏 Economic opening & world market ties.
- 🏯 End of feudalism.
- 🎓 Expansion of education.
- ⚔️ Fight against imperialism.
- 🏭 End of private factories & land ownership.
- 📊 Market reforms + rapid industrialization.
- 🏛️ One-party centralized government.
- ✅ End of old inequalities.
🏮 Modernization in Japan
- 🔹 Use of traditional skills & practices.
- 🔹 Imitation of the West.
- 🔹 Growth of Japanese nationalism.
- 🔹 Teaching of loyalty & discipline.
- 🔹 Faithfulness to the Emperor.
