Class 11 Geography Chapter 16 – Biodiversity and Conservation Notes in English | CBSE Exam Ready

Class 11 Geography Chapter 16 – Biodiversity and Conservation Notes in English | CBSE Exam Ready

Biodiversity and Conservation Notes
Published on By Amresh Academy

 

🌱 Chapter 16 – Biodiversity and Conservation

🔰 Introduction

  • Biodiversity we see today is the result of 2.5 to 3.5 billion years of evolution.

  • With the arrival of humans 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦, biodiversity started declining rapidly due to overuse of species.

  • India 🇮🇳 → 66 National Parks, 368 Sanctuaries, 14 Biosphere Reserves 🌿

🌿 Biodiversity

  • Bio + Diversity = Biodiversity

  • Bio = Life, Diversity = Variety

  • Refers to the number & variety of organisms in a given area.

  • High in tropical regions 🌴, decreases towards polar regions ❄️.

📊 Levels of Biodiversity

  1. Genetic Biodiversity 🧬 → Variations in genes of a species.

  2. Species Biodiversity 🐒🐦🐟 → Variety of species in an area; hotspots show high diversity.

  3. Ecosystem Biodiversity 🌍 → Diversity of ecosystems, habitats, processes & distribution.

💰 Economic Importance of Biodiversity

  • Source of food 🍚, medicines 💊, cosmetics 💄, timber 🌳, fish 🐟

  • Basis of many resource disputes ⚖️

  • Provides agriculture crops, livestock, forest resources, pharma products

🌎 Ecological Importance of Biodiversity

  • Maintains energy flow & nutrient cycle 🔄

  • Controls climate & gases 🌫️

  • Greater diversity = more survival chances & stability

🔬 Scientific Importance

  • Helps us study origin & evolution of life

  • Understands role of species in ecosystem

🛡️ Conservation Measures (Convention on Biodiversity)

  • Protect endangered species 🦏

  • Proper planning & management

  • Conserve varieties of crops, fodder plants, timber, livestock

  • Protect wildlife habitats 🏞️

  • Ensure safe growth areas for species

  • Regulate trade of plants & wildlife 🌍

🚫 Measures to Stop Biodiversity Decline

  • Afforestation 🌲

  • Control pollution & pesticides ☢️

  • Protect wildlife habitats

  • Ban trade of endangered species 🚫

  • Save species from extinction

⚠️ Causes of Biodiversity Destruction

  • Habitat change 🏗️

  • Population growth 👥

  • Alien species 🌱

  • Pollution 🏭

  • Overexploitation 🌲

  • Hunting 🎯

  • Natural disasters 🌊🌋

🐾 Species

  • Group of organisms with similar characteristics.

  • Estimated 20 lakh – 100 million species exist, but only ~1 crore identified.

  • 99% extinct species once lived on Earth.

🌍 Great Diversity Centers

  • 12 countries with highest species richness 🌱

  • Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Congo, Madagascar, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia

🌐 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

  • Established: 5 October 1948 (France)

  • Earlier name: International Union for Protection of Nature

  • Publishes Red List 📕 of endangered species

🏷️ IUCN Classification

  1. Endangered Species 🦏 → At high risk of extinction

  2. Vulnerable Species 🐅 → May soon become endangered if not protected

  3. Rare Species 🦜 → Very small population, found in limited regions

🇮🇳 Measures by Government of India

  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

  • Establishment of National Parks & Sanctuaries 🦌

  • Creation of Biosphere Reserves 🌿 for natural protection

🔥 Hotspots of Biodiversity

  • Areas with very high species richness

🌍 Ecological Hotspots by Continent

  • South & Central America: Central Highlands, Andes, Atlantic Forest (Brazil)

  • Africa: Eastern Madagascar, Tanzania Arc Mountains, Upper Guinea Forest

  • Asia: Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas (India), Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

  • Australia: Queensland, Melanesia (New Caledonia)
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