📚 Class 10 Economics – Chapter 2
🌐 Sectors of the Indian Economy
1) 🧭 Sectors of Economic Activities
- Primary Sector (प्राथमिक) → Using natural resources directly.Farming, fishing, forestry, mining, animal rearing.
- Secondary Sector (द्वितीयक / Industrial) → Turning raw materials into finished goods (manufacturing).Cotton → yarn → cloth; sugarcane → sugar/gur.
- Tertiary Sector (तृतीयक / Services) → Services that support primary & secondary.Teachers, doctors, transport, banking, IT, call centres, software, lawyers, barbers, couriers.
2) 📊 Comparing the 3 Sectors (GDP)
- GDP (सकल घरेलू उत्पाद) = Value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a year.
- Sectoral GDP = Value of final output from each sector in that year.
- India (2013–14): Tertiary became the largest producing sector.
🧠 Why the Tertiary Sector grew fast?
- Basic services needed for all: hospitals, schools, post & telegraph, police, courts, administration, defence, transport, banks, insurance.
- Growth of agriculture & industry → higher demand for transport, storage, trade.
- Higher incomes → more demand for restaurants, tourism, shopping, private education/health, professional training.
- ICT boom → new services (software, BPO, fintech, e-commerce).
3) 👷♂️ Where are Most People Employed?
- Primary sector employs more than half (mainly agriculture) but contributes only ~¼ of GDP → underemployment.
- Secondary + Tertiary employ less than half the workforce but produce ~⅘ of output → higher productivity.
4) 🧩 How to Create More Employment?
- Identify & grow local strengths in semi-rural areas:
- Tourism circuits, regional crafts/handloom, food processing, cold storage, warehousing.
- Services & IT hubs, rural BPOs, digital public services.
- Education push: Planning Commission/NITI Aayog study—~20 lakh jobs possible in education alone (teachers, staff, infra).
- Rural infrastructure: roads, irrigation, markets, electrification, internet → boosts private jobs.
🏛 MGNREGA 2005 (Right to Work)
- Applicable in ~625 districts (rolled out nationwide).
- Guarantee: up to 100 days of wage employment per year to any willing adult in rural households.
- If work not provided, govt. must pay unemployment allowance.
- Typical works: water conservation, pond desilting, land development, rural roads, check dams—creating durable assets.
📝 Quick Keywords (1-Markers)
- Primary/Secondary/Tertiary – definitions + examples
- GDP – value of final goods & services in a year
- Per capita income – average income = total income ÷ population
- Public facilities – health, education, transport, water, sanitation
- Underemployment – more workers than needed, low productivity
- MGNREGA – 100 days, unemployment allowance, rural assets
⚡ Exam Tips
- Use examples for each sector.
- Quote 2013–14: Tertiary largest → give reasons.
- Contrast employment share vs GDP share to explain underemployment.
- Remember MGNREGA features (100 days, allowance, rural focus).
✨ Division of Sectors (विभाजन)
🏢 Organised Sector (संगठित क्षेत्र)
✅ Features:
- Fixed & regular employment terms (निश्चित नौकरी की शर्तें)
- Registered with the government, follow laws (Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, etc.)
- Regular working hours + Overtime payment
- Security of job (नौकरी की सुरक्षा)
- Benefits: Paid leave, provident fund, gratuity, medical facilities, pension after retirement
- Examples: Government employees, registered factory workers, Anganwadi workers, Village health workers
🛠️ Unorganised Sector (असंगठित क्षेत्र)
❌ Features:
- Small & scattered units, not registered with govt.
- Laws exist but not followed properly
- Jobs = low-paid, irregular (कम वेतन, अस्थिर नौकरी)
- No job security, can be removed anytime
- No overtime, paid leave, holidays, medical facilities
- No pension after retirement
- Examples: Shopkeeping, Farming, Domestic work, Labour, Rickshaw pulling
🛡️ How to Protect Workers in Unorganised Sector? (कैसे सुरक्षा करें?)
- Fix minimum wage & working hours
- Provide cheap loans to self-employed workers
- Provide affordable education, healthcare & food facilities
- Make laws for overtime, paid leave, sick leave, etc.
🏛️ Sectors in Terms of Ownership (स्वामित्व के आधार पर)
🔹 Public Sector (सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र)
- Owned & controlled by the government
- Purpose = Public welfare (जनहित), not profit
- Examples: Railways, Post office
🔸 Private Sector (निजी क्षेत्र)
- Owned by individuals/companies
- Purpose = Profit making (लाभ कमाना)
- Examples: Tata Steel, Reliance
🏗️ Responsibilities of Government (सरकार की जिम्मेदारियाँ)
- Collect money via taxes for public services
- Heavy spending on roads, railways, dams, electricity, irrigation
- Support private sector through subsidies & policies
- Buy food grains (like wheat & rice) at fair price → Sell cheaper to consumers (ration shops)
- Provide education, health facilities, drinking water, housing for poor
Focus on human development (nutrition, healthcare, weakest regions)
