🎓 Class 10 – Civics
📘 Chapter 1: Power Sharing
📚 Book: Democratic Politics II
📅 Session: 2025–26
👨🏫 Presented by: Amresh kumar
🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy
📋 Topics to be Covered – Power Sharing
🔹 Introduction to Power Sharing
→ What is power sharing and why it matters?
🔹 Case Study – Belgium 🇧🇪
→ A model of peaceful power-sharing in a diverse country
🔹 Case Study – Sri Lanka 🇱🇰
→ What happens when power is not shared?
🔹 Forms of Power Sharing 🔄
→ Horizontal, Vertical, and Social Group-based power sharing
🔹 Why Power Sharing is Necessary 🤝
→ For peace, democracy, and national unity
📚 Introduction to Power Sharing (शक्ति का बंटवारा)
🔹 Definition:
Power sharing means dividing power among different groups and levels 🧑🤝🧑🏛️
➡️ to maintain stability (स्थिरता) and avoid conflicts (टकराव).
🔹 Importance:
✔️ It is an important part of a democracy (लोकतंत्र) 🗳️
✔️ Promotes peace (शांति) and inclusivity (समावेशिता) 🤝
✔️ Helps in fair participation of all communities 🧑🤝🧑
🧠 Easy to Remember:
Power sharing = Divide to unite! 🤝💡
📖 Case Study – Belgium (एक विविधता भरा देश – Belgium)
🔹 Diversity (विविधता):
Belgium has people speaking different languages 🗣️
➡️ Dutch, French, and German linguistic groups (भाषाई समूह) live here together.
🔹 Power Sharing Model 🏛️
✅ Equal representation (समान प्रतिनिधित्व) in central government 🧑⚖️
✅ Regional autonomy (क्षेत्रीय स्वायत्तता) – each community governs its region
✅ Brussels got special status (विशेष दर्जा) to represent both major communities
🔹 Result 📈
✅ Maintained peace (शांति) and unity (एकता)
✅ Became a model of successful power sharing in a diverse society 🌈🤝
🧠 Tip to Remember:
"Belgium balanced language with love!" 💬❤️
🌍 Belgium's Linguistic and Regional Problems
📊 Population Distribution (जनसंख्या वितरण):
🔸 Dutch-speaking (Flemish): 59% 👥
🔸 French-speaking (Wallonia): 40% 🗣️
🔸 German-speaking: Less than 1% (बहुत कम संख्या)
🗺️ Geographical Tensions (भौगोलिक तनाव):
🔹 Flanders (Dutch-speaking):
➡️ 59% of population, located in the north 📍
🔹 Wallonia (French-speaking):
➡️ 40% of population, located in the south 📍
🔹 Brussels (Bilingual Capital):
➡️ 80% French-speaking
➡️ 20% Dutch-speaking
🧭 Located in Flemish region but dominated by French — causes tension ⚠️
💰 Economic Disparities (आर्थिक असमानता):
🔸 Flanders: More economically developed (आर्थिक रूप से विकसित) 🏙️
🔸 Wallonia: Less developed, leads to tension over sharing resources (संसाधन) ⚖️
🧠 Quick Summary:
Language + Region + Economy = Belgium’s tension triangle ⚠️🔺
🏛️ Belgium's Power-Sharing Model
🟦 1. Federal Government (केंद्रीय सरकार):
👥 Ministers:
✅ 50% Dutch-speaking
✅ 50% French-speaking
➡️ Ensures equal participation and balance (संतुलन)
🟥 2. Regional Governments (क्षेत्रीय सरकारें):
📍 Flemish Region: 100% Dutch-speaking
📍 Wallonia Region: 100% French-speaking
📍 Brussels-Capital Region:
➡️ 50% Dutch
➡️ 50% French
⚖️ Even though Brussels is in Flemish area, both communities share power
🟨 3. Community Governments (समुदाय सरकारें):
👥 Based on linguistic groups (भाषाई समूह):
✅ Dutch-speaking Community
✅ French-speaking Community
✅ German-speaking Community
➡️ Each takes care of its language and culture
🎓 4. Autonomy (स्वायत्तता):
📚 Cultural, Educational, and Linguistic matters:
✅ Each community has 100% control (पूर्ण नियंत्रण)
🧠 Quick Recap:
Power is shared by region + community + language = Peaceful Belgium 🤝🇧🇪
📖 Case Study – Sri Lanka (एक चेतावनी देने वाली कहानी – श्रीलंका)
⚖️ Majoritarianism (बहुसंख्यकवाद):
🔹 Sinhala majority (सिंहली बहुसंख्यक) made laws and policies that
➡️ favored only Sinhalese people 🗣️
➡️ Ignored Tamil minority (तमिल अल्पसंख्यक)
💥 Impact (प्रभाव):
⚠️ Created civil unrest (गृह अशांति)
⚠️ Led to a long-term conflict (लंबा संघर्ष) with the Tamils
⚠️ Violence, demands for separate nation, loss of lives 💣🕊️
📚 Lesson (सीख):
❌ Not sharing power = Conflict and division
✅ Power sharing is essential for peace and unity (शांति और एकता के लिए ज़रूरी)
🧠 Remember This Line:
"No power sharing = No peace!" ⚔️➡️🤝
🛑 Sri Lanka Civil War – Background & Conflict Begins
📌 Background (पृष्ठभूमि):
👥 Ethnic Groups (नस्लीय समूह):
🔸 Sinhalese: 74% (Majority)
🔸 Tamils: 18% (Minority)
🛕 Language & Religion:
🔹 Sinhalese → Mostly Buddhists (बौद्ध)
🔹 Tamils → Mainly Hindus (हिंदू)
⚖️ Majoritarian Policies (बहुसंख्यक नीतियाँ):
📜 Sinhala Only Act (1956):
➡️ Sinhala became the only official language (एकमात्र राजकीय भाषा)
➡️ Tamils felt ignored and alienated (अलग-थलग)
🚫 Discrimination (भेदभाव):
✖️ Tamils were denied equal opportunities in:
✔️ Jobs (नौकरियाँ)
✔️ Education (शिक्षा)
✔️ Politics (राजनीति)
🔥 Conflict Begins (संघर्ष की शुरुआत):
📢 Tamil Demands:
✔️ Equal rights (समान अधिकार)
✔️ Regional autonomy (क्षेत्रीय स्वायत्तता)
✔️ Tamil as an official language (तमिल को राजभाषा बनाना)
🦅 Formation of LTTE (1983):
⚔️ LTTE = Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
➡️ Wanted independent Tamil state (स्वतंत्र तमिल राज्य)
🧠 Key Point:
Ignoring minorities = Path to conflict ⚔️
Sri Lanka Civil War – Duration, Impact & Aftermath 💣
💣 Civil War (गृह युद्ध):
📅 Duration: 1983–2009 = 26 years
🩸 Impact:
🔹 Thousands killed (हज़ारों की मौत)
🔹 Lakhs displaced (लोगों का पलायन)
🔹 Human rights violations (मानवाधिकार उल्लंघन)
🛑 End of War (युद्ध का अंत):
📆 2009:
➡️ Sri Lankan government defeated LTTE 💥
➡️ War ended, but deep ethnic wounds remained (घाव रह गए)
⚠️ Aftermath (परिणाम):
🔸 Tamils still feel ignored
🔸 Need for reconciliation (सुलह) and fair power sharing 🤝
🔄 Forms of Power Sharing (शक्ति बाँटने के प्रकार)
⚖️ 1. Horizontal Power Sharing (क्षैतिज शक्ति बाँटना):
🧑⚖️ Power is shared among different branches of government:
✅ Legislature (विधायिका)
✅ Executive (कार्यपालिका)
✅ Judiciary (न्यायपालिका)
➡️ All branches work at the same level and check each other’s power 🔁
➡️ Ensures balance (संतुलन) and no misuse of authority 🚫👑
🏢 2. Vertical Power Sharing (ऊर्ध्वाधर शक्ति बाँटना):
🏛️ Power is divided between:
✔️ Central Government (केंद्र सरकार)
✔️ State Government (राज्य सरकार)
✔️ Local Government (स्थानीय सरकार)
➡️ Each level has its own responsibilities and autonomy (स्वायत्तता) 🗳️🏘️
🧑🤝🧑 3. Social Group Power Sharing (सामाजिक समूहों में शक्ति बाँटना):
🕊️ Power is shared among religious (धार्मिक) and linguistic (भाषाई) groups
➡️ Ensures representation (प्रतिनिधित्व) and inclusion (समावेशन)
✔️ Minorities get a voice in decision-making
✔️ Promotes unity in diversity 🌈🤝
🧠 Quick Recap:
Power is shared across Levels 🏛️, Branches ⚖️, and Communities 🧑🤝🧑
❓ Why Power Sharing is Necessary (शक्ति बाँटना क्यों ज़रूरी है?)
🔥 1. Prevents Conflicts (टकराव से बचाव):
⚠️ Power sharing reduces social unrest (सामाजिक अशांति)
✅ Avoids domination by any one group
✅ Helps maintain peace (शांति) and harmony (सामंजस्य)
🗳️ 2. Promotes Democracy (लोकतंत्र को बढ़ावा):
📢 Everyone gets a voice in governance (शासन में भागीदारी)
✔️ Encourages participation (भागीदारी)
✔️ Makes system more transparent and fair (पारदर्शी और न्यायपूर्ण)
🏛️ 3. Ensures Stability (स्थिरता लाता है):
🧱 Power sharing builds a strong and united nation (मज़बूत और एकजुट देश)
📈 Leads to long-term political stability (राजनीतिक स्थिरता)
🧠 One Line Summary:
Power sharing = Peace 🕊️ + Participation 🗳️ + Progress 📈
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