📘 Chapter 5: Legislature
📚 Book: Indian Constitution at Work
📅 Session: 2025–26
👨🏫 Presented by: Amresh kumar
🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy
🏛️ Legislature (विधानमंडल)
📌 What is the Legislature?
🗳️ The legislature of the Union (केंद्र) is called the Parliament (संसद). It is made up of:
•🧑⚖️ The President (राष्ट्रपति)
•🏛️ Two Houses:
•Council of States – Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा)
•House of the People – Lok Sabha (लोकसभा)
📍 State level par isse Legislature (विधानमंडल) ya Assembly (विधानसभा) kaha jaata hai.
🔹 How is the Legislature Formed?
🗳️ Legislature is elected by the people (जनता द्वारा चुनी जाती है),
👉 isliye यह जनता का प्रतिनिधित्व (representation) करते हुए कानून बनाती है।
🗣️ Features that Make It Lively:
•Debate (बहस)
•Protest (विरोध)
•Demonstration (प्रदर्शन)
•Walkout/Exit (बहिर्गमन)
•Consensus (सर्वसम्मति)
•Concern (चिंता)
•Cooperation (सहयोग)
•
👉 ये सब इसे जीवंत और लोकतांत्रिक (lively & democratic) बनाते हैं।
Importance of Legislature in India:
📢 Legislature has a very high importance (बहुत महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका) in any democratic government (लोकतांत्रिक सरकार).
👑 India follows the Parliamentary System (संसदीय प्रणाली)
🧭 This is based on the British model (ब्रिटिश प्रणाली पर आधारित).
🏛️ Types of Legislature in India
India has two types of legislature, based on the level of government:
1️⃣ Parliament at the Centre
📍 The Parliament (संसद) is the legislature at the central/national level.
It consists of:
🧑⚖️ The President (राष्ट्रपति)
🏛️ The Rajya Sabha (Council of States – राज्यसभा)
🏛️ The Lok Sabha (House of the People – लोकसभा)
✅ It makes laws for the entire country (पूरा देश).
2️⃣ State Legislature in the States
📍 Every State has its own Legislature (विधानमंडल) to make laws for that particular state.
There are two types of state legislatures:
🏛️ Unicameral Legislature (एकसदनीय) – Only one house: - ➤ Legislative Assembly (विधानसभा)
🏛️ Bicameral Legislature (द्विसदनीय) – Two houses: ➤ Legislative Council (विधान परिषद)
🏛️ Comparison Between Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
🔹 Feature | 🟢 Lok Sabha (लोकसभा) | 🔵 Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा) |
📌 Type | Temporary House (अस्थायी सदन) | Permanent House (स्थायी सदन) |
⏳ Term | 5 years (पाँच साल) | 6 years (छह साल), ⅓rd retires every 2 years |
👥 Members | 542 (Directly Elected) | 245 (Indirectly Elected) |
🏛️ House Type | Lower House (निम्न सदन) | Upper House (उच्च सदन) |
🗳️ Role | Forms Govt, Passes Laws, Controls Finance | Reviews Bills, Represents States |
🏛️ Why Do We Need Two Houses in Parliament?
(संसद में दो सदनों की आवश्यकता क्यों होती है?)
🌍 1️⃣ Diverse Countries Need Balanced Representation
Countries like India, full of diversity (विविधता) – in language, culture, region, and religion –
🧑🤝🧑 often prefer a bicameral legislature (द्विसदनीय संसद) to give fair representation (उचित प्रतिनिधित्व) to all sections of society.
👉 Rajya Sabha helps represent the states and regions, while Lok Sabha represents the people directly.
🔁 2️⃣ Double Check on Every Decision
📜 Any decision or law passed in one house is reviewed and re-examined in the other house.
✅ This ensures that policies are not passed hastily (जल्दबाजी में).
🧠 3️⃣ Every Bill is Debated Twice
⚖️ All bills and policies are debated twice (दो बार चर्चा) –
once in Lok Sabha, and again in Rajya Sabha.
This process improves the quality and fairness of laws. 🏛️
🛑 4️⃣ Avoids Dominance by One House
🚫 A single house cannot impose any law unilaterally (एकतरफा तरीके से).
Both houses must agree before any major decision is finalized.
🏛️ Major Functions of Parliament
(संसद के प्रमुख कार्य)
⭕ 1. Law Making (कानून बनाना)
Parliament frames laws for the welfare and governance of the country. ✅
⭕ 2. Control over Executive (कार्यपालिका पर नियंत्रण)
It checks government actions through questions, motions, and discussions. 🔍
⭕ 3. Financial Powers (वित्तीय अधिकार)
It passes the budget and monitors how public money is spent. 💰
⭕ 4. Constitution Amendment (संविधान संशोधन)
Parliament can amend the Constitution to adapt to new needs. 📜
⭕ 5. Debate & Representation (बहस और प्रतिनिधित्व)
It acts as a platform where people’s issues are raised and discussed. 🗣️
🏛️ Qualifications to Become Member of Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha
🔵 Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा) | 🟢 Lok Sabha (लोकसभा) |
🇮🇳 Must be an Indian Citizen (भारतीय नागरिक) | 🇮🇳 Must be an Indian Citizen (भारतीय नागरिक) |
🎂 Minimum Age: 30 years (30 साल की उम्र) | 🎂 Minimum Age: 25 years (25 साल की उम्र) |
🗳️ Elected by Single Transferable Proportional Representation System (STPR) | 🗳️ Directly elected by people (लोक द्वारा सीधे चुना जाता है) |
📋 Name registered in any parliamentary constituency as per Representation of People Act, 1951 | 📋 Name registered in any parliamentary constituency as per Representation of People Act, 1951 |
❌ No disqualification like insanity or bankruptcy (पागलपन या दिवालियापन नहीं होना चाहिए) | ❌ Should not be insane or bankrupt (पागल या दिवालिया नहीं) |
— | 🚫 Should not hold any profitable government post (लाभकारी सरकारी पद नहीं) |
🏛️ Powers of Rajya Sabha vs Lok Sabha
(राज्यसभा और लोकसभा के अधिकारों में अंतर)
⚡ Power / अधिकार | 🔵 Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा) | 🟢 Lok Sabha (लोकसभा) |
🏛️ Legislative Power | Can delay bills, suggest amendments but cannot reject money bills | Has the final say on all bills, especially money bills |
💰 Financial Power | Cannot introduce or reject money bills | Controls money bills and passes the budget |
🗳️ Control over Executive | Can question & discuss but no power to dismiss govt | Can pass No-Confidence Motion to remove govt |
🏅 Electoral Power | Elects Vice-President of India | Elects President of India |
📜 Constitutional Amendments | Participates in amendment process | Participates in amendment process |
🚨 Emergency Powers | Approves proclamation of Emergency | Approves proclamation of Emergency |
🔄 Term & Continuity | Permanent house; 1/3 members retire every 2 years | Dissolves every 5 years or earlier |
🏛️ Procedure for Making Laws
(कानून बनाने की प्रक्रिया)
🔵 Bill Introduction (बिल प्रस्तुत करना) – 📄 A bill is introduced in Lok or Rajya Sabha.
🟢 First Reading (पहला पाठ) – 📖 The title and purpose of the bill are read; no discussion.
🟠 Second Reading– 💬 Members debate (बहस) and suggest amendments (संशोधन).
🔴 Committee Stage (समिति चरण) – 👥 Bill is sent to a committee for detailed review
🟣 Third Reading – ✅ Final discussion and voting in the house where introduced.
🟡 Other House Approval (दूसरे सदन की मंजूरी) – 🔄 Bill goes to the other house for similar process.
⚪ President’s Assent (राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी) – 🖋️ After approval by both houses, the President signs it into law (कानून).
📜 Types of Bills ("विधेयक" के प्रकार)
🔶 Government Bills (सरकारी बिल)
Introduced by ministers (मंत्रियों द्वारा प्रस्तुत)
💰 Money Bill (वित्त बिल)
📄 Ordinary Bill (साधारण बिल)
📜 Constitution Amendment Bill (संविधान संशोधन बिल)
🔷 Private Bills (प्राइवेट बिल)
Introduced by other members of Parliament
📄 Ordinary Bill (साधारण बिल)
📜 Constitution Amendment Bill (संविधान संशोधन बिल)
🎯 Means of Parliamentary Control
(संसदीय नियंत्रण के तरीके)
🗣️ Debate and Discussion (बहस और चर्चा) – Question Hour, Zero Hour, Adjournment Motion.
📜 Acceptance or Rejection of Laws (कानूनों को मंजूरी या अस्वीकार करना)
💰 Financial Control (वित्तीय नियंत्रण)
🚫 No-Confidence Motion (अविश्वास प्रस्ताव), Censure Motion (निंदा प्रस्ताव)
🏛️ Parliamentary Committees
(संसदीय समितियाँ)
🔹 Committees are formed to handle legislative and daily work. They discuss matters and supervise administration.
⚙️ Financial Committees (वित्तीय समितियाँ)
💼 Public Accounts Committee (लोक लेखा समिति)
Checks if government spending follows rules properly.
📊 Estimates Committee (अनुमान समिति)
Suggests ways to save money and spend efficiently.
🏭 Public Undertakings Committee (सार्वजनिक उपक्रम समिति)
Examines reports of government industries to ensure they run efficiently.
🏛️ How Does Parliament Control Itself?
(संसद अपने आप को कैसे नियंत्रित करती है)
🔹 Parliament must be meaningful and disciplined (अनुशासित)।
👤 The Speaker (सभापति) is the supreme authority in legislative proceedings.
⚖️ The Anti-Defection Law (द्रोह विरोधी कानून) was added by the 52nd Amendment (1985) and amended by the 91st Amendment.
🚫 If a member disobeys party orders by skipping sessions, voting against party directions, or resigning voluntarily, it is called defection (द्रोह).
🗳️ The Speaker can disqualify (अयोग्य घोषित) such members from the House.
🏛️ Legislature System in Indian States
(भारतीय राज्यों में विधानमंडल प्रणाली)
🔹 The system of legislature varies across states —
Some have a Unicameral System (एक सदनीय प्रणाली),
while others have a Bicameral System (दो सदनीय प्रणाली).
📝 Law-making in states is done by:
🟢 Legislative Assembly (विधान सभा) – The Lower House (निचला सदन)
🔵 Legislative Council (विधान परिषद) – The Upper House (ऊपरी सदन)
📍 States with Bicameral Legislature (दो सदनीय विधानमंडल वाले राज्य):
Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश) , Telangana (तेलंगाना) , Bihar (बिहार) , Maharashtra (महाराष्ट्र)
Karnataka (कर्नाटक) , Andhra Pradesh (आंध्र प्रदेश)
📌 All other states have Unicameral Legislature (एक सदनीय विधानमंडल).
Powers of Legislative Assembly & Legislative Council
🔷 Powers | 🏛️ Legislative Assembly (विधान सभा) | 🏛️ Legislative Council (विधान परिषद) |
📜 Legislative Power | Yes (विधायी शक्ति) | Yes |
💰 Financial Powers | Yes (वित्तीय अधिकार) | Yes |
⚙️ Executive Powers | Yes (कार्यकारी अधिकार) | Yes |
🗳️ Election Related Work | Yes (चुनाव संबंधी कार्य) | Limited |
🏛️ Constitutional Amendment Powers | Yes (संविधान संशोधन अधिकार) | Limited (सीमित) |
⚠️ Defection (दल-बदल)
If a member:
🚫 Does not appear in the house despite party leadership’s orders,
🚫 Votes against the party’s direction, or
🚫 Voluntarily resigns from the party membership,
This is called Defection (दल-बदल).
🛡️ Anti-Defection Law (दल-बदल विरोधी कानून)
📜 Made by the 52nd Amendment (52वां संशोधन) in 1985.
👤 The Speaker (सभापति) controls the behavior of members.
❌ If दल-बदल is proved, the member’s membership is terminated (सदस्यता समाप्त).
🚫 Such a dalbadal member is disqualified (अयोग्य घोषित) from holding any political post.
