📘 Class 11 Political Science – Chapter 5: Legislature (Indian Constitution at Work

🎓 Class 11 – Political Science

📘 Chapter 5: Legislature

📚 Book: Indian Constitution at Work

📅 Session: 2025–26

👨‍🏫 Presented by: Amresh kumar

🎯 Simplifying Concepts with Amresh Academy

🏛️ Legislature (विधानमंडल)

📌 What is the Legislature?

🗳️ The legislature of the Union (केंद्र) is called the Parliament (संसद). It is made up of:

•🧑‍⚖️ The President (राष्ट्रपति)

•🏛️ Two Houses:

•Council of States – Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा)

•House of the People – Lok Sabha (लोकसभा)

📍 State level par isse Legislature (विधानमंडल) ya Assembly (विधानसभा) kaha jaata hai.

🔹 How is the Legislature Formed?

🗳️ Legislature is elected by the people (जनता द्वारा चुनी जाती है),

👉 isliye यह जनता का प्रतिनिधित्व (representation) करते हुए कानून बनाती है।

🗣️ Features that Make It Lively:

•Debate (बहस)

•Protest (विरोध)

•Demonstration (प्रदर्शन)

•Walkout/Exit (बहिर्गमन)

•Consensus (सर्वसम्मति)

•Concern (चिंता)

•Cooperation (सहयोग)

•

👉 ये सब इसे जीवंत और लोकतांत्रिक (lively & democratic) बनाते हैं।

Importance of Legislature in India:

📢 Legislature has a very high importance (बहुत महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका) in any democratic government (लोकतांत्रिक सरकार).

👑 India follows the Parliamentary System (संसदीय प्रणाली)

🧭 This is based on the British model (ब्रिटिश प्रणाली पर आधारित).

🏛️ Types of Legislature in India

India has two types of legislature, based on the level of government:

1️⃣ Parliament at the Centre

📍 The Parliament (संसद) is the legislature at the central/national level.

It consists of:

🧑‍⚖️ The President (राष्ट्रपति)

🏛️ The Rajya Sabha (Council of States – राज्यसभा)

🏛️ The Lok Sabha (House of the People – लोकसभा)

✅ It makes laws for the entire country (पूरा देश).

2️⃣ State Legislature in the States

📍 Every State has its own Legislature (विधानमंडल) to make laws for that particular state.

There are two types of state legislatures:

🏛️ Unicameral Legislature (एकसदनीय) – Only one house: - ➤ Legislative Assembly (विधानसभा)

🏛️ Bicameral Legislature (द्विसदनीय) – Two houses: ➤ Legislative Council (विधान परिषद)

🏛️ Comparison Between Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha

🔹 Feature	🟢 Lok Sabha (लोकसभा)	🔵 Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा)
📌 Type	Temporary House (अस्थायी सदन)	Permanent House (स्थायी सदन)
⏳ Term	5 years (पाँच साल)	6 years (छह साल), ⅓rd retires every 2 years
👥 Members	542 (Directly Elected)	245 (Indirectly Elected)
🏛️ House Type	Lower House (निम्न सदन)	Upper House (उच्च सदन)
🗳️ Role	Forms Govt, Passes Laws, Controls Finance	Reviews Bills, Represents States

🏛️ Why Do We Need Two Houses in Parliament?

(संसद में दो सदनों की आवश्यकता क्यों होती है?)

🌍 1️⃣ Diverse Countries Need Balanced Representation

Countries like India, full of diversity (विविधता) – in language, culture, region, and religion –

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 often prefer a bicameral legislature (द्विसदनीय संसद) to give fair representation (उचित प्रतिनिधित्व) to all sections of society.

👉 Rajya Sabha helps represent the states and regions, while Lok Sabha represents the people directly.

🔁 2️⃣ Double Check on Every Decision

📜 Any decision or law passed in one house is reviewed and re-examined in the other house.

✅ This ensures that policies are not passed hastily (जल्दबाजी में).

🧠 3️⃣ Every Bill is Debated Twice

⚖️ All bills and policies are debated twice (दो बार चर्चा) –

once in Lok Sabha, and again in Rajya Sabha.

This process improves the quality and fairness of laws. 🏛️

🛑 4️⃣ Avoids Dominance by One House

🚫 A single house cannot impose any law unilaterally (एकतरफा तरीके से).

Both houses must agree before any major decision is finalized.

🏛️ Major Functions of Parliament

(संसद के प्रमुख कार्य)

⭕ 1. Law Making (कानून बनाना)

Parliament frames laws for the welfare and governance of the country. ✅

⭕ 2. Control over Executive (कार्यपालिका पर नियंत्रण)

It checks government actions through questions, motions, and discussions. 🔍

⭕ 3. Financial Powers (वित्तीय अधिकार)

It passes the budget and monitors how public money is spent. 💰

⭕ 4. Constitution Amendment (संविधान संशोधन)

Parliament can amend the Constitution to adapt to new needs. 📜

⭕ 5. Debate & Representation (बहस और प्रतिनिधित्व)

It acts as a platform where people’s issues are raised and discussed. 🗣️

🏛️ Qualifications to Become Member of Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha

🔵 Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा)	🟢 Lok Sabha (लोकसभा)
🇮🇳 Must be an Indian Citizen (भारतीय नागरिक)	🇮🇳 Must be an Indian Citizen (भारतीय नागरिक)
🎂 Minimum Age: 30 years (30 साल की उम्र)	🎂 Minimum Age: 25 years (25 साल की उम्र)
🗳️ Elected by Single Transferable Proportional Representation System (STPR)	🗳️ Directly elected by people (लोक द्वारा सीधे चुना जाता है)
📋 Name registered in any parliamentary constituency as per Representation of People Act, 1951	📋 Name registered in any parliamentary constituency as per Representation of People Act, 1951
❌ No disqualification like insanity or bankruptcy (पागलपन या दिवालियापन नहीं होना चाहिए)	❌ Should not be insane or bankrupt (पागल या दिवालिया नहीं)
—	🚫 Should not hold any profitable government post (लाभकारी सरकारी पद नहीं)

🏛️ Powers of Rajya Sabha vs Lok Sabha

(राज्यसभा और लोकसभा के अधिकारों में अंतर)

⚡ Power / अधिकार	🔵 Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा)	🟢 Lok Sabha (लोकसभा)
🏛️ Legislative Power	Can delay bills, suggest amendments but cannot reject money bills	Has the final say on all bills, especially money bills
💰 Financial Power	Cannot introduce or reject money bills	Controls money bills and passes the budget
🗳️ Control over Executive	Can question & discuss but no power to dismiss govt	Can pass No-Confidence Motion to remove govt
🏅 Electoral Power	Elects Vice-President of India	Elects President of India
📜 Constitutional Amendments	Participates in amendment process	Participates in amendment process
🚨 Emergency Powers	Approves proclamation of Emergency	Approves proclamation of Emergency
🔄 Term & Continuity	Permanent house; 1/3 members retire every 2 years	Dissolves every 5 years or earlier

🏛️ Procedure for Making Laws

(कानून बनाने की प्रक्रिया)

🔵 Bill Introduction (बिल प्रस्तुत करना) – 📄 A bill is introduced in Lok or Rajya Sabha.

🟢 First Reading (पहला पाठ) – 📖 The title and purpose of the bill are read; no discussion.

🟠 Second Reading– 💬 Members debate (बहस) and suggest amendments (संशोधन).

🔴 Committee Stage (समिति चरण) – 👥 Bill is sent to a committee for detailed review

🟣 Third Reading – ✅ Final discussion and voting in the house where introduced.

🟡 Other House Approval (दूसरे सदन की मंजूरी) – 🔄 Bill goes to the other house for similar process.

⚪ President’s Assent (राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी) – 🖋️ After approval by both houses, the President signs it into law (कानून).

📜 Types of Bills ("विधेयक" के प्रकार)

🔶 Government Bills (सरकारी बिल)

Introduced by ministers (मंत्रियों द्वारा प्रस्तुत)

💰 Money Bill (वित्त बिल)

📄 Ordinary Bill (साधारण बिल)

📜 Constitution Amendment Bill (संविधान संशोधन बिल)

🔷 Private Bills (प्राइवेट बिल)

Introduced by other members of Parliament

📄 Ordinary Bill (साधारण बिल)

📜 Constitution Amendment Bill (संविधान संशोधन बिल)

🎯 Means of Parliamentary Control

(संसदीय नियंत्रण के तरीके)

🗣️ Debate and Discussion (बहस और चर्चा) – Question Hour, Zero Hour, Adjournment Motion.

📜 Acceptance or Rejection of Laws (कानूनों को मंजूरी या अस्वीकार करना)

💰 Financial Control (वित्तीय नियंत्रण)

🚫 No-Confidence Motion (अविश्वास प्रस्ताव), Censure Motion (निंदा प्रस्ताव)

🏛️ Parliamentary Committees

(संसदीय समितियाँ)

🔹 Committees are formed to handle legislative and daily work. They discuss matters and supervise administration.

⚙️ Financial Committees (वित्तीय समितियाँ)

💼 Public Accounts Committee (लोक लेखा समिति)

Checks if government spending follows rules properly.

📊 Estimates Committee (अनुमान समिति)

Suggests ways to save money and spend efficiently.

🏭 Public Undertakings Committee (सार्वजनिक उपक्रम समिति)

Examines reports of government industries to ensure they run efficiently.

🏛️ How Does Parliament Control Itself?

(संसद अपने आप को कैसे नियंत्रित करती है)

🔹 Parliament must be meaningful and disciplined (अनुशासित)।

👤 The Speaker (सभापति) is the supreme authority in legislative proceedings.

⚖️ The Anti-Defection Law (द्रोह विरोधी कानून) was added by the 52nd Amendment (1985) and amended by the 91st Amendment.

🚫 If a member disobeys party orders by skipping sessions, voting against party directions, or resigning voluntarily, it is called defection (द्रोह).

🗳️ The Speaker can disqualify (अयोग्य घोषित) such members from the House.

🏛️ Legislature System in Indian States

(भारतीय राज्यों में विधानमंडल प्रणाली)

🔹 The system of legislature varies across states —

Some have a Unicameral System (एक सदनीय प्रणाली),

while others have a Bicameral System (दो सदनीय प्रणाली).

📝 Law-making in states is done by:

🟢 Legislative Assembly (विधान सभा) – The Lower House (निचला सदन)

🔵 Legislative Council (विधान परिषद) – The Upper House (ऊपरी सदन)

📍 States with Bicameral Legislature (दो सदनीय विधानमंडल वाले राज्य):

Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश) , Telangana (तेलंगाना) , Bihar (बिहार) , Maharashtra (महाराष्ट्र)

Karnataka (कर्नाटक) , Andhra Pradesh (आंध्र प्रदेश)

📌 All other states have Unicameral Legislature (एक सदनीय विधानमंडल).

Powers of Legislative Assembly & Legislative Council

🔷 Powers	🏛️ Legislative Assembly (विधान सभा)	🏛️ Legislative Council (विधान परिषद)
📜 Legislative Power	Yes (विधायी शक्ति)	Yes
💰 Financial Powers	Yes (वित्तीय अधिकार)	Yes
⚙️ Executive Powers	Yes (कार्यकारी अधिकार)	Yes
🗳️ Election Related Work	Yes (चुनाव संबंधी कार्य)	Limited
🏛️ Constitutional Amendment Powers	Yes (संविधान संशोधन अधिकार)	Limited (सीमित)

⚠️ Defection (दल-बदल)

If a member:

🚫 Does not appear in the house despite party leadership’s orders,

🚫 Votes against the party’s direction, or

🚫 Voluntarily resigns from the party membership,

This is called Defection (दल-बदल).

🛡️ Anti-Defection Law (दल-बदल विरोधी कानून)

📜 Made by the 52nd Amendment (52वां संशोधन) in 1985.

👤 The Speaker (सभापति) controls the behavior of members.

❌ If दल-बदल is proved, the member’s membership is terminated (सदस्यता समाप्त).

🚫 Such a dalbadal member is disqualified (अयोग्य घोषित) from holding any political post.

📘 Class 11 Political Science – Chapter 5: Legislature (Indian Constitution at Work | 2025–26)

Amresh Academy

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