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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography: Contemporary India-II

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography: Contemporary India-II



Class 10 Geography NCERT Solutions in Hindi Medium


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography: Contemporary India – II (เค‡เค•ाเคˆ 2: เคญूเค—ोเคฒ-เคธเคฎเค•ाเคฒीเคจ เคญाเคฐเคค-II)


Chapter 1 Resource and Development (เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ เคเคตं เคตिเค•ाเคธ)

Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources (เคตเคจ เค”เคฐ เคตเคจ्เคฏ เคœीเคต เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ) 

Chapter 3 Water Resources (เคœเคฒ เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ)

Chapter 4 Agriculture (เค•ृเคทि)

Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources (เค–เคจिเคœ เค”เคฐ เคŠเคฐ्เคœा เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ)

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries (เคตिเคจिเคฐ्เคฎाเคฃ เค‰เคฆ्เคฏोเค—)

Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy (เคฐाเคท्เคŸ्เคฐीเคฏ เค…เคฐ्เคฅเคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เค•ी เคœीเคตเคจ เคฐेเค–ाเคँ)


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

Question-1
State any three merits of roadways.
Solution:
The growing importance of road transport is rooted in the following reasons:

  1. The construction cost of roadways is much lower than that of the railways.
  2. Its maintenance is also cheap and easy.
  3. Roads can be built in mountainous areas. The roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
  4. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
  5. Road transport is economical in the transportation of a few persons and a relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
  6. It provides door-to-door service, which results in a lower cost of loading and unloading.
  7. It is used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air, and seaports.
  8. Road transport connects fields with markets and factories.
  9. Road transport is useful for the transport of perishable commodities.

Question-2:
Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
Solution:

  1. Railways can transport larger number of goods and passengers over long distances at an economical cost. Hence, railways are the most convenient means of transport in the vast northern plains of India.
  2. The flat terrain, dense population, rich agricultural resources and greater industrial activity have favoured the development of railways in this region.
  3. The northern plains, therefore, have the densest railway network.
  4. Railways have accelerated the development of industry and agriculture in this region
    by providing quick availability of raw materials and distributing the finished products to the markets.
  5. However, in spite of the fact that railways is the most convenient means of transportation in northern plains, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles.

Question-3
What is the significance of the border roads?
Solution:
The significance of Border Roads is as mentioned below :

  1. The Border Roads are vital road link along the frontiers of our country.
  2. These roads are of strategic importance.
  3. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain mainly in the northern and northeastern border areas.
  4. They have played a major role in the economic development of these areas.
  5. These roads are constructed and maintained by the Border Roads Organisation a government of India undertaking which was established in 1960.

Question-4
What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Solution:
Trade, international and local trade :
(a) The exchange of goods among people, states, and countries is known as trade.
(b) Difference between international and local trade is as given below :

International TradeLocal trade

 (1) The exchange of commodities between two or more countries is termed as international trade.

(2) It may take place through sea, air or land routes.

(3) Export and import are the components of international trade.

(4) Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country.

(5) The international trade leads to the earning of foreign exchange and benefits for the traders and .exporters in the country.

 (1) Local trade is carried within cities,   towns  or villages. Exchange of items takes place in local markets where items of local needs are catered to.

(2) Local trade mainly takes place through roads, railways, or inland waterways.

(3) Sale and purchase are the components of local trade.

(4) Advancement of local trade is a sign of   economic prosperity of the local people.

(5) It does not earn foreign exchange but helps in the fulfillment of the needs of the people.

Question-5
Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
Solution:
Today, we are living in the age of communication, using the telephone, television, films, and the Internet. Even books, magazines and newspapers are important means of communication. Various means of transport and communication have reduced distances, bringing the world closer. Modern life is so complex that one has to depend on others. The same is true of the countries as well. No country today can prosper without the co-operation and assistance of others. This requires the movement of goods and materials between countries. Trade provides us with our necessities and also adds to the amenities and comfort of our life. We may also notice that they are rightly called the lifelines of our national economy.
Question-6
Write a note on the changing nature of international trade in the last fifteen years.
Solution:
The nature of international trade in the last fifteen years has changed due to, globalization. Earlier bilateral agreements were made to conduct trade between two countries.

But through globalization, an effort has been made to integrate national economies with the world economy. Now producers from outside countries can sell their goods and services in other countries. Globalisation includes the movement of capital as well as workers from one country to another country. The restrictions on the import of goods have been removed. Under World Trade

The organization, efforts are being made to have multi-lateral agreements for international trade. WTO is regulating the international trade of goods as well as services. Thus international trade has undergone a sea change. The export of agriculture and allied products, ores, minerals, gems, jewellary, chemicals and allied products, engineering goods, and petroleum products have increased. On the other hand import of petroleum and petroleum products, pearls and precious stones, inorganic chemicals, coal, coke have increased too.

The exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. India has emerged as a software giant at the international level. It is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology because of its fast-growing Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Question-1
What is manufacturing?
Solution:
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Question-2
Name any three physical factors that affect the location of the industry.
Solution:
The three factors are
a. Availability of raw materials.
b. Power resources
c. Favourable climate.

Question-3
three human inputs that control the location of industries.
Solution:
Human inputs that control the location of industries are:

  • Labour
  • Market and
  • Transport facilities.

Question-4
Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Solution:
Limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum are important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.

Question-5
How do industries pollute the environment?
Solution:
Industries have increased pollution and degraded the environment. Industries create four types of pollution mainly air, water, land and noise. The smoke emitted by the industry pollutes the air and water immensely. Air pollution is caused by the presence of a higher proportion of undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide and sulphur oxide.

Source of water pollution are numerous. Most important is the industrial effluent that discharges into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic. They pollute the water. Unwanted loud noise is also pollution. It arises from industries and the different means of transport. Noise causes impairment to hear.

Question-6
Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry?
Solution:
Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it, is done in two or more successive stages.

  • Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
  • Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:

  • Primary treatment by mechanical means.
    This involves screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation.
  • Secondary treatment by biological process.
  • Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical, and physical processes. This involves the recycling of wastewater.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question-1
Distinguish between the following
(a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Solution:
(a) Ferrous Minerals:
Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals after meeting her internal demands.

(b) Non-ferrous Minerals:
India’s reserves and production of non- ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. However, these minerals, which include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, and gold, play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering, and electrical industries. Let us study the distribution of copper and bauxite.

Conventional Sources of Energy:

  • Conventional source of energy has been used since the early times.
  • Coal, Petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity, thermal power are the source of energy.
  • All conventional sources of energy except hydro-electricity are exhaustible.
  • These sources cause environmental pollution.
  • These sources require huge capital.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:

  • Non- the conventional sources of energy have come into use only recently.
  • Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal, biogas are examples of these sources of energy.
  • Most of the non- conventional sources of energy are inexhaustible.
  • These sources do not cause environmental pollution.
  • Small amount of money is sufficient to have these sources.

Question-2
What is a mineral?
Solution:
Geologists define a mineral as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest one. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals. The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals. Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth. Even the food that we eat contains minerals. In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

Question-3
How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Solution:
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid, molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

Question-4
How do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Solution:
In order to conserve mineral resources, we must see to that our consumption of minerals does not increase our wants. We must remember that these resources are one of the greatest gifts of God and we must use these in such a manner that our future generations also enjoy this gift.

Question-5
Describe the distribution of coal in India.
Solution:
In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coals occur in the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Jharkhand is the largest producer where Jharia, Bokaro, karampur , Palamu are the major coalfields. In West Bengal, Raniganj, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling are the coalfields. Sarguja, Bilaspur, Raigarh and Bastar districts are coal fields found in Chhatisgarh. M.P. has coal fields in Chinaware district and in Maharashtra, Chanda is the main field.

Question-6
Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Solution:
Solar energy has a bright future in India because

  • India is blessed with plenty of solar energy because most parts of the country receives a bright monsoon period.
  • India has developed technology to use solar energy for cooking, water heating, space heating, crop drying, etc.
  • It is an abundant, inexhaustible, and universal source of energy.
  • India is a tropical country.
  • It is pollution-free.

Question-7
Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
Solution:
Globalization is the new trend in the world scenario, which aims at integrating our economy with that of the world:

  • Its aim is to be realised within a certain time frame.
  • It is based on free and open international trade.
  • It ensures that only quality and competitive goods would survive the world market.

Impact

  • Indian farmers now are exposed to a new industrial environment. They would have to compete with other farmers of other countries in producing quality and competitive goods.
  • With the use of favourable climatic conditions and soil conditions, improved and new implements, efficient labor we would have to produce goods, which could complete in the world markets.
  • India would need the technologies being used by foreign countries. Infrastructure like the development of roads, electricity, irrigation, and credit facilities will have to be developed.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

Question-1
Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Solution:
Tea is also an important beverage crop introduced in India, along with coffee. The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates. It requires deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year. Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

Question-2
Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Solution:
Cotton is one of the staple crops of India. Major cotton-producing states are – Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Question-3
Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.
Solution:
Abolition of zamindari.
Consolidation of smallholdings.
Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
Announcement regarding Minimum support prices to ensure farmers did not suffer if the pres crashed due to bumper crops.
Subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers.

Question-4:
The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
Solution:
India shall no longer be self-sufficient in its requirements of food grains.
Landless labourers will outweigh the ranks of unskilled – unemployed workers in India.
More farmers will switch over to the cultivation of high-value crops.

Question-5
Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
Solution:
Organic farming is much in vogue today because it is practiced without factor made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Hence, it does not affect the environment in a negative manner. Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. Because fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane. India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.

Question-6
How did the partition of the country in 1947 affect the jute industry?
Solution:
Jute: It is known as the golden fibre. Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year. High temperature is required during the time of growth. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, and other artifacts. Due to its high cost, it is losing the market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon.

Question-7
Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Solution:
This Kharif crop requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall over 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. Rice is grown in the plains of north and northeastern India, coastal areas, and the deltaic regions. Development of a dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

Water Resource NCERT Class 10 SST Geography NCERT Solutions

Question-1
Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’ Region with high annual rainfall
Solution:
‘not suffering from water scarcity’

Question-2:
Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’. Region having high annual rainfall and large population
Solution:
‘not suffering from water scarcity’

Question-3
Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’ Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
Solution:
‘suffering from water scarcity’

Question-4.
Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’ Region having low rainfall and low population.
Solution:
‘suffering from water scarcity’

Question-5
Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas, which suffer from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large-scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.
Solution:
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas, which suffer from water scarcity.

Question-6
Here is a false statement. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.
Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.
Solution:
Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in improper utilisation of water resources.

Question-7.
Here is a false statement. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly. Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
Solution:
Regulating and damming of rivers affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

Question-8:
Here is a false statement. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.
In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
Solution:
In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

Question-9:
Here is a false statement. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.
Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.
Solution:
Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite low water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

Question-10:
Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Solution:
Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater that can be put to use. This freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle. All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 SST Chapter 3 Question-11
What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Solution:
Water scarcity is the shortage of water but it is not only associated with regions having low rainfall or those that are drought-prone. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation, but water scarcity in most cases is caused by overexploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 SST Chapter 3 Question-12:
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.
Solution:
Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier streambeds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning. It has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil. At the same time, it has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.

The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 SST Chapter 3 Question-13:
Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
Solution:
In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room. The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected, as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.

The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 SST Chapter 3 Question-14
Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Solution:
Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve water. In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater-harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. Rainwater harvesting is once again being conserved through modern adaptation. Rainwater running down from the roofs is not fed into drains. Instead it is piped into underground reservoirs.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

Forest and Wildlife Resource NCERT Class 10 SST Geography NCERT Solutions

Question-1:
What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
Solution:
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, or on an entire planet. There are millions of living organisms on planet earth. All these living organisms, including man, are interdependent on each other.
Question-2
How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Solution:
Cutting down of forests for agricultural expansion, large scale developmental projects, grazing and fuel wood collection and for urbanization has led to the depletion of flora and fauna.

Question-3
Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
Solution:
In India many traditional communities still live in the forests and depend on their livelihood for forest produce. These communities are working hand in hand with the government to conserve forests.
In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers fought against mining activities. In Alwar district of Rajasthan, local communities belonging to five villages have set their own rules and regulations in 1,200 hectares of forest land. They have named it as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’. Hunting is not allowed in these lands and outside encroachments are prohibited.
The famous Chipko movement was started in the Himalayan region to stop deforestation. People belonging to the local community took to afforestation in a big way. Indigenous species were cultivated and protected.
Involving local communities in protecting the environment, and stopping degradation of forests has reaped many benefits.
Question-4
Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Solution:
In 1972, the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented. It made protecting specific habitats a law. A list of wildlife species that had to be protected was published and hunting these animals was against the law.
National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries were set up in many states to protect endangered species.
Under the Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several insects have also been included in the list of protected species. Butterflies, moths, beetles, dragonflies and even certain plants are included in the protected list.
“Project Tiger” was initiated in 1973 by the government of India to protect tigers. It is one of the most well publicized wildlife campaigns in the world.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

 


NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Page 12 Q1:

Multiple choice questions:
(i) Which one of the following types of resources is iron ore?
a. Renewable
b. Biotic.
c. Flow
d. Non-renewable

(ii) Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?
a. Replenishable
b. Abiotic
c. Human-made.
d. Non-recyclable

(iii)Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in
Punjab?
a. Intense cultivation
b. Deforestation
c. Over irrigation
d. Overgrazing

(iv) In which one of the following states is the terrace cultivation practiced?
a. Punjab
b. Haryana
c. Plains of Uttar Pradesh
d. Uttaranchal

(v) In which one of the following states is the black soil found?
a. J & K
b. Gujarat
c. Rajasthan
d. Jharkhand

Answers:
(i) (d) Non-renewable
(ii) (a) Replenishable
(iii) (c) Over irrigation
(iv) (d) Uttarakhand
(v) (b) Gujarat

Page 13:

Q.2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern Coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
(iv) What are biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer:
(i) The Black soils are black in colour.
These are also known as regur soils.
This soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan Plateau. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh and extend in a south-east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
Black soil is ideal for growing cotton.

(ii) Alluvial soil is found in the eastern coastal plan is particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
Three main features of this type of soil are as follows :

  • The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
  • These soils are very fertile. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
  • These soils contain an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and other cereal and pulse crops.

(iii) The soil erosion in the hilly areas can be controlled by taking steps as mentioned below :

  • Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.
  • Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
  • Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This is strip cropping.

(iv) Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora, and fauna, fisheries, livestock, e.g., forests and animals are biotic resources.

Abiotic resources consist of all those things which are composed of non-living things. e.g., rocks and metals. Land, water, and soil are also abiotic resources.

Q3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer:
(i) Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, pasture and grazing land, and wasteland. Wasteland includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land used for non-agricultural purposes like housing, roads, industry, etc.

According to recent data available, the percentage of net sown area (NSA) in India is about 54% of the total reporting area (if, the other than current fallow lands is included). . 22.5% is covered by forests, and 3.45% is used for grazing. The rest is a wasteland, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.

Improper use of forest land has led to land degradation and made conservation of forests difficult. Human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, mining, quarrying, etc have contributed to the slow growth rate of forests. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

(ii) The following factors have been responsible for technical and economic development leading to overconsumption of resources.

In colonial times, imperial powers used their technological and economic superiority to establish control over other countries and thereby gain access to the latter’s resources. One country’s resources were accessible to the citizens of its colonial ruler too, leading to increased consumption. Technical progress also results in inefficient machinery, increased production, and greater consumption of resources.

Technological development and economic progress have led to populations increasing due to low mortality at all ages. With new developments in medicine and health care, fewer people die due to accidents, diseases, childbirth, etc. This too has contributed to higher consumption of resources.

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