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Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 3 Poverty as a challenge

 


Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 3 Poverty as a challenge

Question-1
Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.
Solution:
A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfill basic needs. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The resent formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.

As per 2000 figures; a family of five which is earning less than Rs. 1,640 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line. This figure is Rs. 2,270 per month for the urban area. The expected calorie intake has been fixed at 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. A person consuming less than this amount is considered to be living below the poverty line.

Question-2
Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?
Solution:
No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is not appropriate because it takes into account only the basic needs of food, clothing, fuel etc. But the quality of these basic necessities is the lowest quality available. The amount which is fixed as the poverty line does not include the margin for the constant price fluctuations. The poverty line should include some corrections for inflation and market fluctuations.

Question-3
Describe poverty trends in India since 1973.
Solution:
As per the data, there has been a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from 45 percent in 1993-94 to 37.2 percent in 2004-05. There was a further decline to 22 percent in 2011-12. Although the number of poor people declined from 1973 to 1993, there was a significant reduction in the number of the poor (about 407 million) in 2004-05 and a further 270 million in 2011-12 with an average annual decline of 2.2 percent. It may also be noted that poverty ratios always remained higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas. If the present trend continues, the people below the poverty line may come down to less than 20 percent in the next few years.

Question-4
Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.
Solution:
There were a number of causes for the widespread poverty in India. One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties. This resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of the population. The two combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low. Another feature of high poverty rates has been the huge income inequalities. One of the major reasons for this is the unequal distribution of land and other resources. Despite many policies, we have not been able to tackle the issue in a meaningful manner.

Question-5

Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India.
Solution:
Social groups, which are most vulnerable to poverty, are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Similarly, among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households.

Question-6
Describe global poverty trends.
Solution:
The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty— defined by the World Bank as living on less than $1 per day—has fallen from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001. Although there has been a substantial reduction in global poverty, it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. The number of poor people in China has come down from 606 million in 1981 to 212 million in 2001.

In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan) the decline has not been as rapid. Despite the decline in the percentage of the poor, the number of poor has declined marginally from 475 million in 1981 to 428 million in 2001. Because of different poverty line definition, poverty in India is also shown higher than the national estimates. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact rose from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001 (see graph 3.3). In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where officially it was nonexistent earlier. The proportion of people living under poverty in different countries is defined by the international poverty line (means population below $1 a day).

Question-7
Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation.
Solution:
The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two planks

  • promotion of economic growth
  • targeted anti-poverty programs.

Question-8
What do you understand by human poverty?
Solution:
Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept of poverty into human poverty. A large number of people may have been able to feed themselves. But they do not have education or shelter or health care or job security or self-confidence.
They are not free from caste and gender discrimination. The practice of child labour is still common.

Question-9
Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.
Solution:
Removal of poverty is one of the major objectives of the Indian developmental strategy. The current government strategy of poverty alleviation is based on two planks:

  1. Promotion of Economic Growth
  2. Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes

Some of the targeted anti-poverty programmes undertaken by the government are:

  1. Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY). This programme was started in 1993. It aims at creating self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
  2. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY). This programme was launched in 2000. It aims at creating and improving basic services like primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
  3. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). This programme was launched in 1995. It aims at creating self-employment opportunities in rural areas and urban towns.
  4. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). This act was passed in September 2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme would be extended to 600 districts. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women.

Question-10
Who are the poorest of the poor?
Solution:
(ii) Women, children (especially the girl child) and elder people in a poor family are regarded as the poorest of the poor because they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family.

Question-11
What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?
Solution:
The main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 are:

    • The Act assures 100 days of employment every year to every rural household.
    • One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.
    • It also aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of drought, deforestation and soil erosion.
    • The share of SCs, STs and women are 23 percent, 17 percent and 53 per cent respectively.
    • Under this, the average wage has increased from ₹ 65 in 2006-07 to ₹ 132 in 2013-14.
    • The scheme provided employment to 220 crores person-days of employment to 4.78 crore households.

Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 4 Food Security in India

 




Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 4 Food Security in India

Question-1
How is food security ensured in India?
Solution:
Food security is ensured in India on the basis of the two components, i.e., Buffer Stock and Public Distribution System (PDS).

  1. Buffer Stock. It is the stock of food grains like wheat and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).
  2. Public Distribution System. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops called Fair Price Shops (FPS) among the poorer sections of the society.

Question-2
Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?
Solution:
Although a large section of people suffers from food and nutrition insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless or land-poor households in rural areas and people employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities in the urban areas.

Question-3
Which states are more food insecure in India?
Solution:
The economically backward states with high incidence of poverty are more food insecure in India. The states of Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra account for the largest number of food-insecure people in the country.

Question-4
Do you believe that the green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?
Solution:
After independence, India adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolution’ especially in the production of wheat and rice. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of the Green revolution in agriculture by releasing a special stamp entitled ‘Wheat Revolution’ in July 1968. The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The increase in food grains was, however, disproportionate. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where food grain production jumped from 7.23 million tonnes in 1964–65 to reach an all-time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995–96.

Question-5

A section of people in India is still without food. Explain?
Solution:
Despite achieving self-sufficiency in food grains, as a result of the Green Revolution, a section of people in India are still without food because of poverty. Thus, the landless labourers, casual urban workers, SCs, and STs who are below the poverty line find it impossible to get two square meals a day.

The Public Distribution System is not functioning properly because the ration shop owners are diverting the grains to the open market. Low-quality grains are available at ration shops which often remain unsold.
Corruption in the Public Distribution System and extreme poverty are the two basic reasons of why some people are still without food in India.

Question-6
What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?
Solution:
The poorest section of the society might be food insecure most of the times while persons above the poverty line might also be food insecure when the country faces a national disaster/calamity like earthquake, drought, flood, tsunami, widespread failure of crops causing famine, etc.

Question-7
Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger?
Solution:
Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting whereas chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity or quality.

People suffer from seasonal hunger in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activities and because of causal labour in the urban areas whereas poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of very low income and thereby inability to buy food even for bare survival.

Question-8
What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?
Solution:
In order to help the poor, and provide food security to them,two special schemes were launched in 2000. They were, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and the Annapurna Scheme (APS) with special target groups of ‘poorest of the poor’ and ‘indigent senior citizens’, respectively. The functioning of these two schemes was linked with the existing network.

Question-9
Why is a buffer stock created by the government?
Solution:
To ensure availability of food to all sections of the society the Indian government carefully designed a food security system, which is composed of two components: (a) buffer stock and (b) public distribution system. This is done to distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price.

Question-10
Write notes on Minimum Support Price, Buffer Stock, Issue Price and Fair Price Shops.
Solution:
a. Minimum Support Price
The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops. This price is called Minimum Support Price. The MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives to the farmers for raising the production of these crops.

b. Buffer Stock
Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

c.Issue Price
Buffer stock is created to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price also known as Issue Price. This also helps resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during periods of calamity.

d. Fair Price Shops
The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government-regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the public distribution system (PDS). Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages, towns and cities. There are about 4.6 lakh ration shops all over the country. Ration shops also known as Fair Price Shops keep stock of food grains, sugar, kerosene oil for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower.

Question-11
Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.
Solution:
The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people, such as Mother Dairy in Delhi is rapidly growing in providing milk and vegetables to the consumers at controlled prices, announced by the government of Delhi.

Another success story of cooperatives lies in Amul, a cooperative, dealing with milk and milk products from Gujarat. It has brought about the ‘White Revolution’ in the country.

These cooperatives are functioning in various parts of the country to ensure food security to various sections of the society.

Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 2 People as Resource

 


Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 2 People as Resource

Question-1
What do you understand by ‘people as a resource’?
Solution:
‘People as Resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Human resource is an asset for the economy rather than a liability. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. In fact, human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in them.

Question-2
How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical capital?
Solution:
Human resource is different in the following ways:

  1. Land and other resources are fixed, limited and specified whereas human resources can be nurtured through education and health.
  2. Human resources can bring a change in other resources whereas other resources can not change or affect human resource.
  3. Human resource can make use of land and physical capital whereas land and physical capital can not become useful on its own.

Question-3
What is the role of education in human capital formation?
Solution:
Educated people find jobs in private firms while the uneducated people continue with the same work as their parents. They earn a meagre income like their parents, which is just enough to support a family. Several years of education adds to the quality of labour. This enhances their total productivity. Total productivity adds to the growth of the economy. This in turn pays an individual through salary or in some other form of his choice. It is a known fact that with investments made on education and health; one can yield a high return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to society.

Question-4
What is the role of health in human capital formation?
Solution:
The role of health in human capital formation is as follows:

  1. Healthier people have higher productivity because the health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. On the other hand, an unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation.
  2. It improves the quality of life. A healthy person is able to do his work in a proper and efficient way.
  3. A healthy person makes greater contribution to society as compared to an unhealthy person.
  4. Good health enables a person to earn more and to be more regular in his work.

Question-5

What part does health play in the individual’s working life?
Solution:
Health plays a very important role in an individual’s life because as we all know health is wealth and only a healthy person can work or perform to his full potential. An unhealthy person can not work efficiently. A healthy person is able to work harder and better, thus, earning more and living a better life. If the body is healthy, only then one can perform well. So, we can say that health plays a vital role in an individual’s life.

Question-6
What are the various activities are undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector?
Solution:
The various activities have been classified into three main sectors i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, and mining. Quarrying and manufacturing is included in the secondary sector. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary sector.

Question-7
What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?
Solution:
Economic Activities Non-Economic Activities The activities in the third sector result in the production of goods and services. Activities, which are not performed to earn money but to get some satisfaction, are called non-economic activities. These activities add value to the national income. These activities are called economic activities. These activities are performed to discharge social obligation or for physical fitness or for recreation. Economic activities have two parts — market activities and non-market activities.

Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who performs. People visiting places of worship, providing relief to the victims of flood and earthquake, engaging in sports activities, gardening, listening to radio or watching television are all examples of non-economic activities Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. The three activities most often reported are cleaning, cooking, and childminding.

Question-8
Why are women employed in low paid work?
Solution:
Women are paid for their work when they enter the labour market. Their earning, like that of their male counterpart, is determined on the basis of education and skill. A majority of the women have meager education and low skill formation and hence women are paid low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there.

Question-9
How will you explain the term unemployment?
Solution:
Unemployment is said to exist when people are willing to work at the going wages but cannot find jobs.

Question-10
What is the difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment?
Solution:
Disguised Unemployment. In case of disguised unemployment, people appear to be employed but they are not actually employed. Sometimes, in agricultural families, eight people are working on a farm, whereas only four people are needed to do that work. Thus, four persons are surplus and they are not needed on the farm. They also do not help to increase the production. If these four extra persons are removed from the farm, the production from the farm will not decrease. Therefore, these four persons appear to be employed but are actually disguisedly unemployed.

Seasonal Unemployment. Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. People dependent upon agriculture usually face such problems. There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding and threshing are done. When the plants are growing, there is not much work. During this period, they remain unemployed and are said to be seasonally unemployed.

Question-11
Why is educated unemployed, a peculiar problem of India?
Solution:
In the case of India educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon. Many youths with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find jobs. A study shows that the unemployment of graduates and post-graduate has increased faster than among matriculates. A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as a surplus of manpower in certain categories coexist with a shortage of manpower in others.

Question-12
In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?
Solution:
Since agriculture is the backbone of India, India can build maximum employment opportunities in agriculture-based industries.

Question-13
Can you imagine some village that initially had no job opportunities but later came up with many?
Solution:
Some of the measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed are:

  1. Vocational education should be encouraged so that people do not have difficulty getting jobs because they will be better trained for work.
  2. More use of information technology should be made in giving education.
  3. Education should be job-oriented.
  4. More employment opportunities should be made available to the educated people in the tertiary sector.

Question-14
Which capital would you consider the best — land, labour, physical capital and human capital? Why?
Solution:
The capital I consider the best in Human Capital because there are countries like Japan that have invested in human resources as they did not have any natural resources. These countries are developed and rich countries. They import the natural resource needed in their country. They have invested in people especially in the field of education and health. These people have made efficient use of other resources like land and capital. Efficiency and technology evolved by people have made these countries rich and developed.

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 The story of village Palampur

 


NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 The story of village Palampur

Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 1 The story of village Palampur

Class 9 Economics Chapter 1

Question-1
Modern farming methods require more inputs, which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?
Solution:
No doubt, modern farming requires more inputs than traditional farming. These are:

  • chemical fertilizers
  • pesticides
  • pump sets
  • farm machinery
  • electricity
  • diesel
  • HYV seeds
  • water supply

Most of these inputs like fertilizers, tools, and implements are manufactured in industry. HYV seeds are developed in agriculture research laboratories. Machine industry provides various kinds of implements, irrigation pumps, and farming machinery to improve productivity and minimize farming efforts. Chemical and soil engineering-based industries provide fertilizers and pesticides to boost agriculture. Water supply is done by canals and tanks. Electricity is supplied by powerhouses.

Question-2

How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?
Solution:
The spread of electricity helped the farmers in Palampur in the following ways:

  1. Most of the houses have electricity connections.
  2. It is used to run tubewells in the fields.
  3. It is used in various types of small businesses.

Question-3
Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?
Solution:
Irrigation facilities are available only to about 40% of the cultivated land area in the country. The rest of the land, i.e., 60% of the cultivated area, is still dependent on rainfall for irrigation. It means that the benefit of multiple cropping cannot be achieved by 60% of the farmers in the country. They produce less and so their income is also low. Thus, they live in poverty.

Therefore, if these farmers are to be brought out of poverty, farm productivity has to increase. This is only possible when they use modern farming methods and dependable irrigation facilities. Hence, it is important to increase the area under irrigation.

Question-4
Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?
Solution:
A waged labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year. Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan. Hence they pay very low wages to the farm labourers.

Question-5
What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to Explain.
Solution:
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.

Question-6
How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?
Solution:
In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the capital needed.

Question-7
On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?
Solution:
Savita was a small farmer. She planed to cultivate wheat on her 1-hectare land. Besides seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, she needed cash to buy water and repair her farm instruments. She estimated that his working capital itself would cost a minimum of Rs 3,000. She didn’t have the money, so she decided to borrow from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer. Tejpal Singh agreed to give Savita the loan at an interest rate of 24 percent for four months, which was a very high-interest rate.

Savita also had to promise to work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest season at Rs 35 per day. Savita knew that this wage is quite low and she will have to work very hard to complete harvesting on her own field, and then work as a farm labourer for Tejpal Singh. Savita agreed to those tough conditions, as she knew, that getting a loan is difficult for a small farmer. Yes, Savita’s condition would have been different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest.

Question-8
What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in villages?
Solution:
The villagers must be made aware of the non-farm production activities and their benefits. They must also be taught the methods of doing such activities. The villagers who have the impression that they can earn only by farming, must be given proper guidance and help to do such activities.

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