📚 Class 9 – Economics
📘 Chapter 2: People as Resource
💠 Overview (सारांश)
- People as Resource (मानव संसाधन) → refers to a country’s working population (कार्यशील जनसंख्या) in terms of their skills & abilities (कौशल और क्षमताएँ) 👩💼👨💼
- Human Capital Formation (मानव पूंजी निर्माण) = development of existing human resources through education, training, and healthcare 📚🏥
- Investment in human capital yields returns like physical capital 💵
- Human capital > Land & Physical Capital 🌱🏗️
- Countries like Japan have shown high growth through investment in human resources 🇯🇵
💠 Economic Activities by Men and Women (पुरुष और महिला की आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ)
- Three sectors of economic activity (आर्थिक गतिविधियों के तीन क्षेत्र):
- Primary (प्राथमिक): Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry, mining ⛏️🌾🐄
- Secondary (द्वितीयक): Manufacturing 🏭
- Tertiary (तृतीयक): Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance 🏦🚚💬
- Market Activities (बाजार गतिविधियाँ): Paid activities, production for sale or government services 💰
- Non-Market Activities (अ-बाजार गतिविधियाँ): Production for self-consumption 🏠
- Gender Division:
- Men → paid 💵
- Women → often unpaid ❌
- Education & skills → higher pay & job security 🎓
- Employment conditions for women:
- Irregular & low income
- Lack of maternity leave, childcare & social security 👶
💠 Quality of Population (जनसंख्या की गुणवत्ता)
- Depends on:
- Literacy rate (साक्षरता दर) 📚
- Health & Life Expectancy (स्वास्थ्य और जीवन प्रत्याशा) 🏥
- Skill formation (कौशल विकास)
- Literate & healthy population = Asset (संपत्ति) 💎
💠 Education (शिक्षा)
- Contributes to: Growth of society, national income, cultural richness & efficient governance 🏛️
- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000 → elementary education 6–14 yrs) 🎒
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Encourages attendance & improves nutrition 🍲
- 12th Plan → Focused on:
- Quality & access
- State-specific curriculum
- Vocationalisation 🛠️
- IT & distance education 💻
💠 Health (स्वास्थ्य)
- National policy → Improves healthcare, family welfare & nutrition, especially for underprivileged 🏥🥗
- India has developed manpower for primary, secondary & tertiary sectors over 5 decades 🏭💼
💠 Unemployment (बेरोजगारी)
- Rural areas: Seasonal & disguised unemployment 🌾
- Urban areas: Educated unemployment 🎓
- Seasonal unemployment: Jobs unavailable in certain months ⏳
- Disguised unemployment: People appear employed but underutilized 👥
- Educated unemployment: Skilled people not getting jobs ❌
- Consequences: Wastage of manpower, economic overload, hinders growth ⚠️
- Employment structure:
- Primary → Self-employment, agriculture absorbs most labour 🌾
- Secondary → Small-scale manufacturing 🏭
- Tertiary → New services: IT, Biotechnology 💻🧬
✅ Exam Tip:
- Human capital formation = education + health + training 📚🏥
- Economic activities: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary 🏭🌾💼
- Women’s unpaid work = invisible contribution ❌💵
- Unemployment types: Seasonal, Disguised, Educated ⏳
