Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 3 🌟 Politics of Planned Development (NCERT / CBSE Notes)

Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 3 🌟 Politics of Planned Development (NCERT / CBSE Notes)

CBSE Political Science Notes
Published on By Amresh Academy

 

📘 Class 12 Political Science – Chapter 3

🌟 Politics of Planned Development

🏛️ Political Contestation (राजनीतिक विवाद)

  • In a democracy (लोकतंत्र), the final decision must always be political → taken by people’s representatives.

  • After independence, everyone agreed: India’s development = economic growth + social & economic justice (न्याय).

  • But there was disagreement on → what role government should play in ensuring both growth and justice.

💡 Ideas of Development (विकास के विचार)

  • Any discussion on development leads to contradictions (विरोधाभास), conflicts (संघर्ष) & arguments (वाद-विवाद).

  • Development meant becoming more modern → like industrialised Western countries.

  • Modernisation = growth + material progress + scientific rationality (वैज्ञानिक तर्कशीलता).

📑 Planning (योजना बनाना)

  • Consensus (सर्वसम्मति): development cannot be left only to private sector → Govt. must plan.

  • Bombay Plan (1944): drafted by industrialists, proposed a planned economy.

  • After independence → Planning Commission set up, with PM as chairperson.

🚀 The Early Initiatives (प्रारंभिक पहल)

  • First Five-Year Plan (1951-56): focused on agriculture, dams, irrigation & raising national income (through savings).

  • Second Five-Year Plan (1956): focused on rapid industrialisation & heavy industries → drafted by PC Mahalanobis.

  • Planning excitement peaked during 1st & 2nd Plans, continued till Third Plan (1961).

⚙️ Key Controversies (मुख्य विवाद)

🌾 Agriculture vs. Industry

  • Agriculture did not grow much after first two plans.

  • J.C. Kumarappa (Gandhian economist) → proposed rural industrialisation.

  • Others → stressed industrial growth as the only way out of poverty cycle.

🏭 Public vs. Private Sector

  • India adopted Mixed Economy (मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था) → public + private sector together.

  • Critics:

    • Private sector not given enough freedom.

    • Enlarged public sector created vested interests, blocking private growth.

✅ Exam Tip:

  • First Plan → Agriculture

  • Second Plan → Heavy Industries (Mahalanobis Model)

  • Mixed Economy → balance of public & private

🌟 The First Five Year Plan – Major Outcomes (मुख्य परिणाम)

🔑 Early Initiatives (प्रारंभिक पहल)

  • Planned development initially aimed at economic growth + welfare of citizens.

  • But unequal development gave rise to politically powerful groups → difficult to move in desired direction.

  • Three major outcomes emerged 👇

1️⃣ Economic Foundations (आर्थिक नींव)

  • Foundations of India’s future economic growth laid during 1st & 2nd Plans.

  • Construction of Mega Dams → Bhakhra-Nangal, Hirakud (irrigation + power generation).

  • Establishment of heavy industries in public sector → steel plants, oil refineries, manufacturing units, defense production.

  • Major improvements in transport & communication infrastructure.

2️⃣ Land Reforms (जमीन सुधार)

  • Zamindari system abolished (औपनिवेशिक जमींदारी व्यवस्था का अंत).

  • Consolidation of land (land pooling) → small scattered plots brought together for better farming efficiency.

3️⃣ Green & White Revolution (हरित और श्वेत क्रांति)

🌱 Green Revolution (1960s)

  • Govt. introduced → High-Yield Variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation at subsidised prices.

  • Beneficiaries → rich peasants & big landholders.

  • Prosperous regions → Punjab, Haryana, Western UP.

  • Backward regions → left behind.

🥛 White Revolution (1970s)

  • Operation Flood (1970): organised milk producers into cooperatives → nationwide milk grid.

  • Aim → increase milk production.

  • Known as White Revolution.

  • Verghese Kurien → ‘Milkman of India’ 🥛🇮🇳

🔄 Later Developments (बाद के विकास)

  • From 1967 onwards → many restrictions on private industry.

  • 1969: 14 private banks nationalised 🏦.

  • 1950–1980: Indian economy grew slowly at 3–3.5% per annum (sluggish growth).

  • Inefficiency + corruption led to loss of public faith in economy.

  • From 1980s onwards → role of state reduced in India’s economy.

✅ Exam Tip:

  • Green Revolution → agriculture 🌾

  • White Revolution → dairy 🥛

  • 1st Plan → Agriculture & Dams 💧

  • 2nd Plan → Heavy Industry ⚙️

🌟 Planning and Development in India
(FACTS THAT MATTER – Beautified Notes)

📌 Key Facts

  1. Iron Resource of Orissa

    • Due to rising global demand for iron, Orissa became an important investment destination.

    • Several MoUs (Memorandum of Understanding – समझौता ज्ञापन) were signed for capital investment & jobs.

    • Conflict arose:

      • Tribal population feared displacement (बेघर होना)

      • Environmentalists feared pollution.

  1. Meaning of Development

    • Development = Improvement in living standards + growth in industrial production.

    • After independence, govt. focused on:

      • Poverty reduction

      • Social & economic redistribution (पुनर्वितरण)

      • Agriculture development.

  1. Planning Concept

    • Planning = Systematic regulation of activities to achieve national goals.

    • Inspired by USSR model to provide:

      • Education, medical care, tech skills.

    • Bombay Plan (1944): Suggested state’s active role in industries & investments.

  1. Planning Commission (1950)

    • Set up as an Extra-constitutional body (संविधान से बाहर की संस्था).

    • PM was its Chairman.

    • Aimed to:

      • Reduce wastage of resources

      • Increase per capita income.

  1. Pre-Independence Efforts

    • 1930s: National Planning Committee formed.

    • Purpose: Collect data, set goals, prepare for Five-Year Plans & annual budgets.

  1. First Five Year Plan (1951)

    • Drafted by economist K.N. Roy.

    • Focus:

      • Investment in dams & irrigation

      • Land reforms

      • Raise national income.

    • Different from 2nd plan → which stressed heavy industries.

  1. Mixed Economy

    • India adopted mixed economy (मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था).

    • Co-existence of public + private sector.

    • Aim: Rapid development + social welfare.

  1. Second Five Year Plan (1956-61)

    • Emphasis: Heavy industrialisation (even in rural areas).

    • Criticism:

      • Benefitted urban/industrial sector more than rural areas.

      • Failure blamed on political non-implementation rather than policy.

  1. Land Reforms during Planning Period

    • Aim: Abolish Zamindari system, consolidate small lands.

    • Result: Limited success ❌

      • Political influence

      • Laws remained only on paper.

  1. Drought & Food Crisis (1965–67)

  • Severe droughts → Bihar faced famine-like situation.

  • Food prices rose sharply.

  • Govt.’s zoning policy restricted food trade across states → worsened crisis.

  1. Green Revolution (1960s) 🌾

  • Govt. provided: HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation at subsidy.

  • Positive: Benefitted middle peasants, made them politically powerful.

  • Negative:

    • Increased gap between rich landlords & poor farmers.

    • Growth was moderate & region-specific.

  1. White Revolution (1970s) 🥛

  • Started in Gujarat by Verghese Kurien (Milkman of India).

  • Launched Amul Cooperative Model.

  • Benefits:

    • Increased milk production

    • Rural development & poverty reduction.

  1. Kerala Model 🌴

  • Based on Decentralised Planning (विकेन्द्रीकृत योजना).

  • Focus areas:

    • Education

    • Health

    • Land reforms

    • Food distribution

    • Poverty alleviation.

  • People’s participation from panchayat → block → district level.

📝 Words That Matter (महत्वपूर्ण शब्दावली)

✨ Planning (योजना निर्माण):
🔹 A systematic regulation to optimum use of resources and to reduce wastage of time.
👉 संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग (optimum use of resources) और समय की बर्बादी कम करने की प्रक्रिया।

💰 Capitalist Economy (पूँजीवादी अर्थव्यवस्था):
🔹 The economy in which private sectors are prioritised in place of social welfare.
👉 इसमें निजी क्षेत्र (private sector) को सामाजिक कल्याण (social welfare) से अधिक महत्व दिया जाता है।

⚖️ Socialist Economy (समाजवादी अर्थव्यवस्था):
🔹 It aims at the public sector and planning with the aim to establish egalitarian society.
👉 इसका उद्देश्य सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र (public sector) को बढ़ावा देना और समानता पर आधारित समाज (egalitarian society) स्थापित करना है।

🏭 Bombay Plan (बॉम्बे योजना):
🔹 A joint proposal of big industrialists for setting up a planned economy in 1944.
👉 1944 में बड़े उद्योगपतियों (industrialists) द्वारा नियोजित अर्थव्यवस्था (planned economy) बनाने का प्रस्ताव।

📊 Planning Commission (योजना आयोग):
🔹 An extra-constitutional body set up in March 1950 with the Prime Minister as Chairman.
👉 यह संवैधानिक संस्था नहीं (extra-constitutional body) है, जिसे 1950 में स्थापित किया गया और प्रधानमंत्री इसके अध्यक्ष होते थे।

💵 Plan Budget (योजना बजट):
🔹 The amount spent on a five-year basis as per the priorities fixed by the plan.
👉 पाँच वर्षीय योजना (five-year plan) की प्राथमिकताओं के अनुसार खर्च किया जाने वाला बजट।

🔄 Mixed Economy (मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था):
🔹 An economy in which private and public sectors both co-exist.
👉 इसमें निजी (private) और सार्वजनिक (public) क्षेत्र दोनों साथ-साथ चलते हैं।
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