🌐 Citizenship 🏛️
❇️ Meaning of Citizenship (नागरिकता)
🔹 Citizenship refers to full and equal membership in a political community where no discrimination (भेदभाव) exists. Nations give their members collective political identity along with certain rights (अधिकार). That’s why we identify ourselves as Indian, Japanese, or German based on nationality. 🌍
🔹 In most democratic countries, citizens enjoy freedom of expression (अभिव्यक्ति का अधिकार), voting rights, religious freedom, minimum wage, and the right to education. ✍️
🔹 Citizens have earned these rights through long struggles, such as the French Revolution (1789) 🇫🇷 or the fight for equal citizenship in South Africa (दक्षिण अफ्रीका).
Note: Provisions related to citizenship are mentioned in Part III of the Constitution and subsequent laws passed by Parliament. 📜
❇️ Citizen (नागरिक)
🔹 A citizen is a person who is a full member (पूर्ण सदस्य) of a state or country.
❇️ Foreigner (विदेशी)
🔹 A foreigner is a person who is a citizen of another state and temporarily resides in a different country. 🌏
⚖️ Difference Between Citizen & Foreigner
Aspect | Citizen (नागरिक) | Foreigner (विदेशी) |
Residence (निवास) | Permanent (स्थायी) | Temporary (अस्थायी) |
Rights (अधिकार) | Full political rights (सभी राजनितिक अधिकार) | Only social rights (सिर्फ सामाजिक अधिकार) |
Duties (कर्तव्य) | Must follow all legal duties of the state (राज्य के सभी कानूनी कर्तव्यों का पालन अनिवार्य) | Loyal to home country, not obliged to follow host country’s laws (अपने मूल देश के प्रति वफादार) |
Restrictions (प्रतिबंध) | No restrictions on movement or residence (कोई प्रतिबंध नहीं) | Must reside in specified time/place (निर्दिष्ट समय/स्थान में निवास) |
🏷️ Types of Citizenship (नागरिकता के प्रकार)
🔹 Birthright Citizenship (जन्मजात नागरिकता) – Citizenship acquired by birth in a country. 👶
🔹 State-granted Citizenship (राज्य प्रदत्त नागरिकता) – Citizenship granted by the state due to special circumstances. 🏛️
🔹 Single Citizenship (इकहरी नागरिकता) – Citizenship granted by one country, regardless of residence in another. 🌐
🔹 Dual Citizenship (दोहरी नागरिकता) – Citizenship granted by both a country and a state/province simultaneously. Example: USA 🇺🇸, France 🇫🇷
🌐 Citizenship – Methods, Rights & Global Perspective 🏛️
❇️ Ways to Acquire Citizenship (नागरिकता प्राप्त करने के तरीके)
🔹 By Marriage (विवाह) 💍
🔹 Through Long-term Residence (लंबे निवास) 🏠
🔹 By Adoption (गोद लेना) 👶
🔹 By Purchasing Property (संपत्ति खरीदना) 🏢
🔹 Through Government Service (सरकारी सेवा) 🏛️
🔹 By being Scholar/Expert (विद्वान्) 🎓
❇️ Ways to Renounce Citizenship (नागरिकता त्याग के तरीके)
🔹 Submission of Renunciation Letter (त्याग पत्र) 📝
🔹 Upon Marriage (विवाह) 💑
🔹 Due to Prolonged Absence (अनुपस्थिति) ⏳
🔹 Employment Abroad (विदेश में नौकरी) 🌍
🔹 Treason (देशद्रोह) ⚖️
❇️ Universal Citizenship (सार्वभौमिक नागरिकता) 🌏
🔹 The idea that full membership should be available to all residents (निवासी) of a country, those who work there, or those applying for citizenship. States set conditions to prevent undesirable citizenship (अवांछित नागरिकता), but migration still occurs widely.
❇️ World Citizenship (विश्व नागरिकता) 🌐
🔹 In today’s interconnected world, communication tools (संचार के साधन) like TV and the Internet have transformed our understanding of the globe. 🌎
🔹 Assistance for disasters like the Asian Tsunami (एशिया की सूनामी) or global calamities shows solidarity, highlighting the rise of world citizenship.
🔹 This concept also supports initiatives like the “Global Village (विश्व ग्राम)” idea.
❇️ Benefits of World Citizenship (विश्व नागरिकता से लाभ) 🌍
🔹 Simplifies solving cross-border problems (राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं के दोनों तरफ समस्याएँ) that require cooperation of multiple governments and people.
🔹 Helps in addressing stateless persons (राज्यविहीन लोग) or migrant issues effectively.
❇️ Full & Equal Membership (संपूर्ण और समान सदस्यता)
🔹 Citizens should have equal rights and opportunities to live, study, and work anywhere in the country.
🔹 Both rich and poor citizens should have access to basic rights and facilities (मूलभूत अधिकार एवं सुविधाएं).
❇️ Migrant/Transient Citizens (प्रवासी)
🔹 People moving from one city/country to another for work are called migrants (प्रवासी).
🔹 Poor migrants often do not receive the same reception as skilled or wealthy migrants.
🔹 The right to protest (प्रतिवाद का अधिकार) is part of citizens’ freedom of expression, provided it does not harm others or state property. ✊
❇️ State-based Citizenship (राज्यकृत नागरिकता) 🏛️
🔹 Citizens express national identity through symbols like national anthem, flag, language, or festivals. 🎶🇮🇳
🔹 Democratic countries are inclusive, recognizing all residents as part of the nation, e.g., France includes citizens from North Africa as well.
❇️ Methods of State-based Citizenship (राज्यकृत नागरिकता के तरीके)
🔹 Registration (पंजीकरण) 📝
🔹 Naturalization (देशीकरण) 🌐
🔹 Descent/Heritage (वंश परंपरा) 👪
🔹 Territorial Integration (भू क्षेत्र का राजक्षेत्र में मिलना) 🌍
❇️ Causes of Displacement (विस्थापन के कारण)
🔹 War (युद्ध) ⚔️
🔹 Famine (अकाल) 🌾
🔹 Persecution (उत्पीड़न)
❇️ Refugee (शरणार्थी)
🔹 People who cannot return home and are not accepted by any country are called stateless or refugees.
❇️ Protest Methods (प्रतिवाद के तरीके) ✊
🔹 Citizens can form groups, demonstrate, use media, appeal to political parties, or go to court to influence policies and public opinion.
❇️ Equal Rights (समान अधिकार) ⚖️
🔹 Many urban residents live in slums or informal settlements (झोपड़पट्टियाँ); they provide essential services like cleaning, street vending, domestic work, plumbing, etc. 🛠️
🔹 In 2004, a national policy empowered thousands of street vendors to run independent businesses.
🔹 Tribal and forest-dwelling groups (आदिवासी और वनवासी) rely on forests and natural resources for livelihood.
🔹 Equal rights mean policies should consider diverse needs (भिन्न – भिन्न जरूरतों) and claims of all groups.
❇️ Citizens & Nation (नागरिक और राष्ट्र) 🏛️
🔹 The Indian Constitution integrates diverse societies, granting full and equal citizenship to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and remote communities (अंडमान निकोबार).
