Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development Notes | NCERT Solutions PDF

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development Notes | NCERT Solutions PDF

CBSE Class 10
Published on By Amresh Academy

 

🌍 Class 10 – Geography

📘 Chapter 1: Resources and Development
📅 Session: 2025–26

🔹 Resources (संसाधन)

👉 Definition:
Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs and is technologically accessible (तकनीकी रूप से सुलभ), economically feasible (आर्थिक रूप से संभव) and culturally acceptable (सांस्कृतिक रूप से स्वीकार्य) is termed as a Resource.

✨ Human beings are also essential components of resources because they transform (बदलना) materials of environment into useful resources.

🔹 Classification of Resources (संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण)

Resources can be classified in 4 ways:
1️⃣ On the Basis of Origin – Biotic and Abiotic
2️⃣ On the Basis of Exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-Renewable
3️⃣ On the Basis of Ownership – Individual, Community, National and International
4️⃣ On the Basis of Status of Development – Potential, Developed, Stock, Reserves

1️⃣ On the Basis of Origin (उत्पत्ति के आधार पर)

🌱 Biotic Resources (जीवित संसाधन):

  • Obtained from the biosphere (जीवमंडल)

  • Have life (जीवन)

  • Eg: Human beings, flora & fauna, fisheries, livestock

⛰ Abiotic Resources (अजीव संसाधन):

  • Composed of non-living things (निर्जीव वस्तुएं)

  • Eg: Rocks, metals

2️⃣ On the Basis of Exhaustibility (क्षयशीलता के आधार पर)

♻️ Renewable Resources (नवीकरणीय):

  • Can be renewed (पुनर्नवीनीकरण) or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes

  • Eg: Solar energy, wind, water, forests, wildlife

⛽ Non-Renewable Resources (अ-नवीकरणीय):

  • Formed over millions of years (लाखों वर्षों में बनते हैं)

  • Limited supply – once used, they may get exhausted

  • Eg: Minerals, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)

3️⃣ On the Basis of Ownership (स्वामित्व के आधार पर)

👤 Individual Resources (व्यक्तिगत):

  • Owned privately by individuals

  • Eg: Plots, houses, plantations, wells

👥 Community Owned Resources (सामुदायिक):

  • Accessible to all community members

  • Eg: Grazing grounds, parks, playgrounds

🇮🇳 National Resources (राष्ट्रीय):

  • Belong to the nation (within political boundaries & up to 12 nautical miles in ocean)

  • Eg: Roads, railways, canals, minerals

🌐 International Resources (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय):

  • Regulated by international institutions

  • Beyond 200 nautical miles → open oceans

  • No country can use without international consent

4️⃣ On the Basis of Status of Development (विकास की स्थिति के आधार पर)

💡 Potential Resources (संभावित):

  • Found but not yet utilised

  • Eg: Wind & solar energy in Rajasthan & Gujarat

⚙️ Developed Resources (विकसित):

  • Surveyed, quality & quantity determined

  • Ready for utilisation

📦 Stock (भंडार):

  • Material available but no technology yet to use

  • Eg: Hydrogen energy

🌲 Reserves (आरक्षित):

  • Subset of stock

  • Can be used with existing technology but kept for future use

  • Eg: Water in dams, forests

🔹 Development of Resources

Resources have been used by humans indiscriminately (बिना सोचे-समझे), leading to major problems:

1️⃣ Depletion (क्षय / कमी) of resources to satisfy greed of a few individuals.
2️⃣ Accumulation (संग्रह) of resources in few hands → division of society into rich & poor.
3️⃣ Global ecological crises like:

  • 🌡️ Global Warming

  • 🌐 Ozone Layer Depletion (ओज़ोन परत का क्षरण)

  • 🏭 Environmental Pollution (पर्यावरण प्रदूषण)

  • 🌱 Land Degradation (भूमि क्षरण)

👉 Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence (टिकाऊ अस्तित्व) of all forms of life.
👉 Sustainable Development = Development of present without compromising (समझौता करना) with the needs of future generations.

🔹 Resource Planning in India

  • Some regions = self-sufficient (स्वावलंबी)

  • Some regions = shortage (कमी) of vital resources
    ➡️ Balanced planning is needed at national, state, regional, and local levels.

✅ Process of Resource Planning:

  1. Identification & inventory (सूची बनाना) of resources → via survey, mapping, estimation.

  2. Planning structure with proper technology, skills & institutions.

  3. Matching resource development plans with national development plans.

💡 Resources contribute to development only with technology + institutional changes.
📖 Since First Five-Year Plan, India has focused on resource planning.

👉 To stop over-utilisation (अत्यधिक उपयोग) → resource conservation (संरक्षण) is very important.

🌍 Land Resources

  • Land = natural resource of utmost importance (अत्यधिक महत्व का).

  • Supports: 🌳 vegetation, 🐅 wildlife, 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 humans, 🚜 economic activities, 🚂 transport, 📡 communication.

  • Types of relief: 🏔️ Mountains, ⛰️ Plateaus, 🌾 Plains, 🏝️ Islands.

🌿 Land Utilisation in India

Used for:

  • 🌲 Forests

  • 🚫 Land not available for cultivation

    • a) Barren & wasteland (अनुपजाऊ भूमि)

    • b) Non-agricultural uses (industries, roads, housing)

  • 🌱 Fallow lands (पड़ी हुई भूमि)

  • 🌾 Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow)

  • 🌻 Net sown area (कुल बुआई क्षेत्र)

Land Use Pattern Depends on:

  • Physical factors → topography, climate, soil type

  • Human factors → population density, technology, traditions

⚠️ Continuous use without conservation → land degradation.

⚠️ Land Degradation & Conservation Measures

Causes:

  • 🌲 Deforestation (वनों की कटाई)

  • 🐄 Overgrazing (अत्यधिक चराई)

  • ⛏️ Mining & quarrying (खनन)

  • 🏭 Industrial effluents (अपशिष्ट)

Solutions:

🌳 Afforestation & grazing management
🌿 Shelter belt plantations
🌵 Stabilising sand dunes with bushes
♻️ Proper wasteland management
⛏️ Controlled mining
🏭 Proper waste treatment & disposal

🌱 Soil as a Resource

  • Soil = most important renewable resource (नवीकरणीय संसाधन).

  • Medium of plant growth 🌾 → supports organisms.

  • Takes millions of years to form just a few cm!

Factors of Formation:

  • 🪨 Parent rock

  • 🌦️ Climate

  • 🌳 Vegetation & organisms

  • ⏳ Time

  • 🔬 Chemical & organic changes

➡️ Soil = organic (humus) + inorganic materials.

✨ Exam-Ready Tip:
Prepare diagrams/tables on:

  • Land Utilisation in India 📊

  • Causes & solutions of Land Degradation 🔄

  • Factors of Soil Formation 🌱

🪨 Classification of Soils in India

👉 On the basis of factors responsible for soil formation (colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical & physical properties), soils of India are classified into different types:

1️⃣ Alluvial Soils (जलोढ़ मिट्टी) 🌾

  • Entire Northern Plains are made of alluvial soil.

  • Deposited by 3 Himalayan rivers – Indus (सिंधु), Ganga (गंगा), Brahmaputra (ब्रह्मपुत्र).

  • Also found in Rajasthan, Gujarat & Eastern Coastal Plains (deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri).

  • Composition: mixture of sand (रेत), silt (गाद), clay (मिट्टी).

  • River valleys → bigger soil particles; upper valley → coarse soil.

🌀 Based on Age:

  • Bangar (Older Alluvial) → more kankar nodules (कंकर की गोलियाँ).

  • Khadar (New Alluvial) → finer particles, more fertile.

🌱 Fertility: Rich in potash, phosphoric acid & lime → best for sugarcane, paddy, wheat, pulses.

2️⃣ Black Soil (काली मिट्टी) 🖤

  • Also called Regur soil or Black Cotton Soil.

  • Formed due to climatic conditions + parent rock (Basalt lava).

  • Ideal for cotton cultivation.

  • Found in Deccan Trap region: Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, MP, Chhattisgarh, Godavari & Krishna valleys.

  • Properties:

    • Very clayey → high moisture holding capacity.

    • Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, lime.

    • Sticky when wet → difficult to plough unless tilled after showers.

3️⃣ Red & Yellow Soils (लाल और पीली मिट्टी) ❤️💛

  • Formed on crystalline igneous rocks in low rainfall areas.

  • Reddish due to iron diffusion (लौह प्रसार).

  • Yellow when hydrated (जलयुक्त).

  • Found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern Ganga Plain, Western Ghats Piedmont zone.

4️⃣ Laterite Soil (लेटराइट मिट्टी) ☕🌴

  • Formed in tropical & subtropical climates (wet & dry seasons).

  • Result of leaching (क्षालन) due to heavy rainfall.

  • Acidic (pH < 6), nutrient deficient → humus poor.

  • Found in Southern States, Maharashtra (Western Ghats), Odisha, Bengal, NE India.

  • Crops: Supports tea, coffee plantations.

5️⃣ Arid Soil (शुष्क मिट्टी) 🏜️

  • Colour: Red → Brown.

  • Sandy texture, saline (नमकीन) nature.

  • High salt → sometimes used for extracting common salt (साधारण नमक).

  • Lacks humus & moisture.

  • Kankar layer (कंकर परत) at lower horizons restricts water infiltration.

  • Found in Rajasthan desert regions.

6️⃣ Forest Soil (वन मिट्टी) 🌲🏔️

  • Found in hilly & mountainous areas.

  • Valley sides → loamy & silty.

  • Upper slopes → coarse.

  • Himalayan snow areas → acidic, low humus (कमी).

  • Fertile in river terraces & alluvial fans.

✅ Quick Revision Tip:

  • Alluvial → Fertile (Bangar/Khadar)

  • Black → Cotton Soil

  • Red/Yellow → Iron content

  • Laterite → Tea & Coffee

  • Arid → Sandy & Saline

  • Forest → Hilly regions

🌍 Soil Erosion (मृदा अपरदन)

🔹 Meaning:
The denudation (क्षरण) of the soil cover and subsequent washing down of topsoil is called Soil Erosion.

🔹 Causes of Soil Erosion:

  1. Human Activities –

    • Deforestation (वनों की कटाई) 🌲

    • Over-grazing (अत्यधिक चराई) 🐄

    • Construction & Mining (निर्माण व खनन) ⛏️

    • Defective farming methods 🚜

  2. Natural Forces –

    • Wind 🌬️

    • Glacier ❄️

    • Running water 💧

⚡ Types of Soil Erosion

  1. Gully Erosion (गली अपरदन)

    • Running water cuts through clayey soil & forms deep channels.

    • Land becomes unfit for cultivation → called Bad land.

  2. Sheet Erosion (पर्त अपरदन)

    • Water flows as a sheet over slopes → washes away topsoil.

  3. Wind Erosion (पवन अपरदन)

    • Wind blows away loose soil from flat/sloping land.

🌱 Soil Conservation (मृदा संरक्षण के उपाय)

✅ 1. Contour Ploughing (कंटूर जुताई):

  • Ploughing along contour lines → slows water flow on slopes.

✅ 2. Terrace Farming (सीढ़ीदार खेती):

  • Cutting steps on slopes (Himalayas) → reduces soil erosion.

✅ 3. Strip Cropping (पट्टी फसल पद्धति):

  • Large field divided into strips.

  • Strips of grass left between crops → reduces wind erosion.

✅ 4. Shelter Belts (सुरक्षात्मक वृक्ष पंक्तियाँ):

  • Rows of trees planted to stop wind & stabilise sand dunes (Western India).

📖 Quick Revision:

  • Soil erosion = Loss of topsoil by human & natural causes.

  • Main types → Gully, Sheet, Wind erosion.

  • Conservation methods → Contour ploughing, Terrace farming, Strip cropping, Shelter belts.
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