๐ Class 10 – Geography
๐ Chapter 1: Resources and Development
๐
Session: 2025–26
๐น Resources (เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ)
๐ Definition:
Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs and is technologically accessible (เคคเคเคจीเคी เคฐूเคช เคธे เคธुเคฒเคญ), economically feasible (เคเคฐ्เคฅिเค เคฐूเคช เคธे เคธंเคญเคต) and culturally acceptable (เคธांเคธ्เคृเคคिเค เคฐूเคช เคธे เคธ्เคตीเคाเคฐ्เคฏ) is termed as a Resource.
✨ Human beings are also essential components of resources because they transform (เคฌเคฆเคฒเคจा) materials of environment into useful resources.
๐น Classification of Resources (เคธंเคธाเคงเคจों เคा เคตเคฐ्เคीเคเคฐเคฃ)
Resources can be classified in 4 ways:
1️⃣ On the Basis of Origin – Biotic and Abiotic
2️⃣ On the Basis of Exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-Renewable
3️⃣ On the Basis of Ownership – Individual, Community, National and International
4️⃣ On the Basis of Status of Development – Potential, Developed, Stock, Reserves
1️⃣ On the Basis of Origin (เคเคค्เคชเคค्เคคि เคे เคเคงाเคฐ เคชเคฐ)
๐ฑ Biotic Resources (เคीเคตिเคค เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ):
- Obtained from the biosphere (เคीเคตเคฎंเคกเคฒ)
- Have life (เคीเคตเคจ)
- Eg: Human beings, flora & fauna, fisheries, livestock
⛰ Abiotic Resources (เค เคीเคต เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ):
- Composed of non-living things (เคจिเคฐ्เคीเคต เคตเคธ्เคคुเคं)
- Eg: Rocks, metals
2️⃣ On the Basis of Exhaustibility (เค्เคทเคฏเคถीเคฒเคคा เคे เคเคงाเคฐ เคชเคฐ)
♻️ Renewable Resources (เคจเคตीเคเคฐเคฃीเคฏ):
- Can be renewed (เคชुเคจเคฐ्เคจเคตीเคจीเคเคฐเคฃ) or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes
- Eg: Solar energy, wind, water, forests, wildlife
⛽ Non-Renewable Resources (เค -เคจเคตीเคเคฐเคฃीเคฏ):
- Formed over millions of years (เคฒाเคों เคตเคฐ्เคทों เคฎें เคฌเคจเคคे เคนैं)
- Limited supply – once used, they may get exhausted
- Eg: Minerals, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)
3️⃣ On the Basis of Ownership (เคธ्เคตाเคฎिเคค्เคต เคे เคเคงाเคฐ เคชเคฐ)
๐ค Individual Resources (เคต्เคฏเค्เคคिเคเคค):
- Owned privately by individuals
- Eg: Plots, houses, plantations, wells
๐ฅ Community Owned Resources (เคธाเคฎुเคฆाเคฏिเค):
- Accessible to all community members
- Eg: Grazing grounds, parks, playgrounds
๐ฎ๐ณ National Resources (เคฐाเคท्เค्เคฐीเคฏ):
- Belong to the nation (within political boundaries & up to 12 nautical miles in ocean)
- Eg: Roads, railways, canals, minerals
๐ International Resources (เค ंเคคเคฐ्เคฐाเคท्เค्เคฐीเคฏ):
- Regulated by international institutions
- Beyond 200 nautical miles → open oceans
- No country can use without international consent
4️⃣ On the Basis of Status of Development (เคตिเคाเคธ เคी เคธ्เคฅिเคคि เคे เคเคงाเคฐ เคชเคฐ)
๐ก Potential Resources (เคธंเคญाเคตिเคค):
- Found but not yet utilised
- Eg: Wind & solar energy in Rajasthan & Gujarat
⚙️ Developed Resources (เคตिเคเคธिเคค):
- Surveyed, quality & quantity determined
- Ready for utilisation
๐ฆ Stock (เคญंเคกाเคฐ):
- Material available but no technology yet to use
- Eg: Hydrogen energy
๐ฒ Reserves (เคเคฐเค्เคทिเคค):
- Subset of stock
- Can be used with existing technology but kept for future use
- Eg: Water in dams, forests
๐น Development of Resources
Resources have been used by humans indiscriminately (เคฌिเคจा เคธोเคे-เคธเคฎเคे), leading to major problems:
1️⃣ Depletion (เค्เคทเคฏ / เคเคฎी) of resources to satisfy greed of a few individuals.
2️⃣ Accumulation (เคธंเค्เคฐเคน) of resources in few hands → division of society into rich & poor.
3️⃣ Global ecological crises like:
- ๐ก️ Global Warming
- ๐ Ozone Layer Depletion (เคเค़ोเคจ เคชเคฐเคค เคा เค्เคทเคฐเคฃ)
- ๐ญ Environmental Pollution (เคชเคฐ्เคฏाเคตเคฐเคฃ เคช्เคฐเคฆूเคทเคฃ)
- ๐ฑ Land Degradation (เคญूเคฎि เค्เคทเคฐเคฃ)
๐ Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence (เคिเคाเค เค
เคธ्เคคिเคค्เคต) of all forms of life.
๐ Sustainable Development = Development of present without compromising (เคธเคฎเคौเคคा เคเคฐเคจा) with the needs of future generations.
๐น Resource Planning in India
- Some regions = self-sufficient (เคธ्เคตाเคตเคฒंเคฌी)
- Some regions = shortage (เคเคฎी) of vital resources➡️ Balanced planning is needed at national, state, regional, and local levels.
✅ Process of Resource Planning:
- Identification & inventory (เคธूเคी เคฌเคจाเคจा) of resources → via survey, mapping, estimation.
- Planning structure with proper technology, skills & institutions.
- Matching resource development plans with national development plans.
๐ก Resources contribute to development only with technology + institutional changes.
๐ Since First Five-Year Plan, India has focused on resource planning.
๐ To stop over-utilisation (เค เคค्เคฏเคงिเค เคเคชเคฏोเค) → resource conservation (เคธंเคฐเค्เคทเคฃ) is very important.
๐ Land Resources
- Land = natural resource of utmost importance (เค เคค्เคฏเคงिเค เคฎเคนเคค्เคต เคा).
- Supports: ๐ณ vegetation, ๐ wildlife, ๐จ๐ฉ๐ง๐ฆ humans, ๐ economic activities, ๐ transport, ๐ก communication.
- Types of relief: ๐️ Mountains, ⛰️ Plateaus, ๐พ Plains, ๐️ Islands.
๐ฟ Land Utilisation in India
Used for:
- ๐ฒ Forests
- ๐ซ Land not available for cultivation
- a) Barren & wasteland (เค เคจुเคชเคाเค เคญूเคฎि)
- b) Non-agricultural uses (industries, roads, housing)
- ๐ฑ Fallow lands (เคชเคก़ी เคนुเค เคญूเคฎि)
- ๐พ Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow)
- ๐ป Net sown area (เคुเคฒ เคฌुเคเค เค्เคทेเคค्เคฐ)
Land Use Pattern Depends on:
- Physical factors → topography, climate, soil type
- Human factors → population density, technology, traditions
⚠️ Continuous use without conservation → land degradation.
⚠️ Land Degradation & Conservation Measures
Causes:
- ๐ฒ Deforestation (เคตเคจों เคी เคเคाเค)
- ๐ Overgrazing (เค เคค्เคฏเคงिเค เคเคฐाเค)
- ⛏️ Mining & quarrying (เคเคจเคจ)
- ๐ญ Industrial effluents (เค เคชเคถिเคท्เค)
Solutions:
๐ณ Afforestation & grazing management
๐ฟ Shelter belt plantations
๐ต Stabilising sand dunes with bushes
♻️ Proper wasteland management
⛏️ Controlled mining
๐ญ Proper waste treatment & disposal
๐ฑ Soil as a Resource
- Soil = most important renewable resource (เคจเคตीเคเคฐเคฃीเคฏ เคธंเคธाเคงเคจ).
- Medium of plant growth ๐พ → supports organisms.
- Takes millions of years to form just a few cm!
Factors of Formation:
- ๐ชจ Parent rock
- ๐ฆ️ Climate
- ๐ณ Vegetation & organisms
- ⏳ Time
- ๐ฌ Chemical & organic changes
➡️ Soil = organic (humus) + inorganic materials.
✨ Exam-Ready Tip:
Prepare diagrams/tables on:
- Land Utilisation in India ๐
- Causes & solutions of Land Degradation ๐
- Factors of Soil Formation ๐ฑ
๐ชจ Classification of Soils in India
๐ On the basis of factors responsible for soil formation (colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical & physical properties), soils of India are classified into different types:
1️⃣ Alluvial Soils (เคเคฒोเคข़ เคฎिเค्เคी) ๐พ
- Entire Northern Plains are made of alluvial soil.
- Deposited by 3 Himalayan rivers – Indus (เคธिंเคงु), Ganga (เคंเคा), Brahmaputra (เคฌ्เคฐเคน्เคฎเคชुเคค्เคฐ).
- Also found in Rajasthan, Gujarat & Eastern Coastal Plains (deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri).
- Composition: mixture of sand (เคฐेเคค), silt (เคाเคฆ), clay (เคฎिเค्เคी).
- River valleys → bigger soil particles; upper valley → coarse soil.
๐ Based on Age:
- Bangar (Older Alluvial) → more kankar nodules (เคंเคเคฐ เคी เคोเคฒिเคฏाँ).
- Khadar (New Alluvial) → finer particles, more fertile.
๐ฑ Fertility: Rich in potash, phosphoric acid & lime → best for sugarcane, paddy, wheat, pulses.
2️⃣ Black Soil (เคाเคฒी เคฎिเค्เคी) ๐ค
- Also called Regur soil or Black Cotton Soil.
- Formed due to climatic conditions + parent rock (Basalt lava).
- Ideal for cotton cultivation.
- Found in Deccan Trap region: Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, MP, Chhattisgarh, Godavari & Krishna valleys.
- Properties:
- Very clayey → high moisture holding capacity.
- Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, lime.
- Sticky when wet → difficult to plough unless tilled after showers.
3️⃣ Red & Yellow Soils (เคฒाเคฒ เคเคฐ เคชीเคฒी เคฎिเค्เคी) ❤️๐
- Formed on crystalline igneous rocks in low rainfall areas.
- Reddish due to iron diffusion (เคฒौเคน เคช्เคฐเคธाเคฐ).
- Yellow when hydrated (เคเคฒเคฏुเค्เคค).
- Found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern Ganga Plain, Western Ghats Piedmont zone.
4️⃣ Laterite Soil (เคฒेเคเคฐाเคเค เคฎिเค्เคी) ☕๐ด
- Formed in tropical & subtropical climates (wet & dry seasons).
- Result of leaching (เค्เคทाเคฒเคจ) due to heavy rainfall.
- Acidic (pH < 6), nutrient deficient → humus poor.
- Found in Southern States, Maharashtra (Western Ghats), Odisha, Bengal, NE India.
- Crops: Supports tea, coffee plantations.
5️⃣ Arid Soil (เคถुเคท्เค เคฎिเค्เคी) ๐️
- Colour: Red → Brown.
- Sandy texture, saline (เคจเคฎเคीเคจ) nature.
- High salt → sometimes used for extracting common salt (เคธाเคงाเคฐเคฃ เคจเคฎเค).
- Lacks humus & moisture.
- Kankar layer (เคंเคเคฐ เคชเคฐเคค) at lower horizons restricts water infiltration.
- Found in Rajasthan desert regions.
6️⃣ Forest Soil (เคตเคจ เคฎिเค्เคी) ๐ฒ๐️
- Found in hilly & mountainous areas.
- Valley sides → loamy & silty.
- Upper slopes → coarse.
- Himalayan snow areas → acidic, low humus (เคเคฎी).
- Fertile in river terraces & alluvial fans.
✅ Quick Revision Tip:
- Alluvial → Fertile (Bangar/Khadar)
- Black → Cotton Soil
- Red/Yellow → Iron content
- Laterite → Tea & Coffee
- Arid → Sandy & Saline
- Forest → Hilly regions
๐ Soil Erosion (เคฎृเคฆा เค เคชเคฐเคฆเคจ)
๐น Meaning:
The denudation (เค्เคทเคฐเคฃ) of the soil cover and subsequent washing down of topsoil is called Soil Erosion.
๐น Causes of Soil Erosion:
- Human Activities –
- Deforestation (เคตเคจों เคी เคเคाเค) ๐ฒ
- Over-grazing (เค เคค्เคฏเคงिเค เคเคฐाเค) ๐
- Construction & Mining (เคจिเคฐ्เคฎाเคฃ เคต เคเคจเคจ) ⛏️
- Defective farming methods ๐
- Natural Forces –
- Wind ๐ฌ️
- Glacier ❄️
- Running water ๐ง
⚡ Types of Soil Erosion
- Gully Erosion (เคเคฒी เค เคชเคฐเคฆเคจ)
- Running water cuts through clayey soil & forms deep channels.
- Land becomes unfit for cultivation → called Bad land.
- Sheet Erosion (เคชเคฐ्เคค เค เคชเคฐเคฆเคจ)
- Water flows as a sheet over slopes → washes away topsoil.
- Wind Erosion (เคชเคตเคจ เค เคชเคฐเคฆเคจ)
- Wind blows away loose soil from flat/sloping land.
๐ฑ Soil Conservation (เคฎृเคฆा เคธंเคฐเค्เคทเคฃ เคे เคเคชाเคฏ)
✅ 1. Contour Ploughing (เคंเคूเคฐ เคुเคคाเค):
- Ploughing along contour lines → slows water flow on slopes.
✅ 2. Terrace Farming (เคธीเคข़ीเคฆाเคฐ เคेเคคी):
- Cutting steps on slopes (Himalayas) → reduces soil erosion.
✅ 3. Strip Cropping (เคชเค्เคी เคซเคธเคฒ เคชเคฆ्เคงเคคि):
- Large field divided into strips.
- Strips of grass left between crops → reduces wind erosion.
✅ 4. Shelter Belts (เคธुเคฐเค्เคทाเคค्เคฎเค เคตृเค्เคท เคชंเค्เคคिเคฏाँ):
- Rows of trees planted to stop wind & stabilise sand dunes (Western India).
๐ Quick Revision:
- Soil erosion = Loss of topsoil by human & natural causes.
- Main types → Gully, Sheet, Wind erosion.
Conservation methods → Contour ploughing, Terrace farming, Strip cropping, Shelter belts.
