❓ Question 1: What is Judiciary? 🔍 न्यायपालिका क्या होती है?
✅ Answer / उत्तर:
⚖️ Judiciary is an important organ of the Government (सरकार का एक महत्वपूर्ण अंग) which is responsible for:
•👩⚖️ Settling disputes (विवादों का निपटारा करना)
•🧾 Dispensation of justice (न्याय प्रदान करना)
•📊 Functioning at different levels of the system (विभिन्न स्तरों पर कार्य करना)
🕰️ Earlier, during the Monarchy system (राजशाही प्रणाली), all judicial powers (न्यायिक शक्तियाँ) were vested in the King (राजा के हाथों में होती थीं)।
🏛️ But now, under a Democratic system (लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था में), the Judiciary works as a separate and independent organ of the government. This ensures fairness and justice for all. ✅
❓ Question 2: Why do we need Judiciary?
✅ Answer:
🏛️ To meet this need, modern democracies (लोकतंत्रों) have established Judiciary as a separate organ (अलग अंग) of the Government.
🧾 Judiciary not only settles disputes, but also performs several other important functions for the society, such as:
•👩⚖️ Protecting rights (अधिकारों की रक्षा करना)
•📜 Interpreting laws (कानूनों की व्याख्या करना)
•🛡️ Maintaining the rule of law (कानून का शासन बनाए रखना)
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👉 Thus, the Judiciary is an essential (अहम) and inseparable (अविभाज्य) part of our democratic system.
❓ Question 3: Write three main functions of the Judiciary
🔍 न्यायपालिका के तीन मुख्य कार्य क्या हैं?
✅ Answer:
Here are the three main functions of the Judiciary:
1.⚖️ Settling disputes (विवादों का निपटारा करना) among individuals, groups, or government bodies.
2.🛡️ Protecting the Rule of Law (कानून का शासन बनाए रखना) and ensuring the supremacy of law (कानून की सर्वोच्चता).
3.👨⚖️ Safeguarding the rights of people (लोगों के अधिकारों की रक्षा करना) and upholding the Constitution (संविधान की रक्षा करना).
❓ Question 4: What do you mean by the independence of the Judiciary?
🔍 न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता से आप क्या समझते हैं?
✅ Answer:
Independence of the Judiciary means that the judicial system is free to work independently (स्वतंत्र रूप से) and impartially (निष्पक्ष रूप से), without any undue interference (अनावश्यक हस्तक्षेप) from the Executive or the Legislature.
🧑⚖️ Key points that define judicial independence:
1.✅ Judges should be appointed based on merit (योग्यता के आधार पर), with proper qualifications and experience.
2.🕒 They should have a long and secure tenure (लंबी और सुरक्षित अवधि).
3.❌ Judges should not be removed arbitrarily (मनमाने तरीके से नहीं हटाया जाना चाहिए).
4.💰 They should receive good salaries and facilities (उचित वेतन और सुविधाएं).
5.📜 Their decisions must be respected (निर्णयों का सम्मान होना चाहिए).
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👉 This ensures that the Judiciary remains fair, fearless, and independent, and can uphold justice without any pressure.
❓ Question 5: How are the judges appointed in India?
🔍 भारत में न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति कैसे होती है?
✅ Answer:
In India, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President of India.
👨⚖️ The President makes the appointment in consultation with:
•The Chief Justice of India (भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश)
•And in case of High Court judges, the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court (संबंधित उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश)
📜 The Constitution of India has laid down certain qualifications (योग्यता) and experience (अनुभव) required for the appointment of judges.
👉 This process ensures that only qualified and deserving individuals are appointed to the judiciary.
❓ Question 6: How can judges be removed in India?
🔍 भारत में न्यायाधीशों को कैसे हटाया जा सकता है?
✅ Answer:
According to the Constitution of India, judges can be removed from office through a process called impeachment (महाभियोग).
⚖️ The process works as follows:
1.🏛️ Charges are initiated (आरोप लगाए जाते हैं) in one House of the Parliament — either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
2.👂 These charges are then discussed and examined in the other House of the Parliament.
3.✅ If the charges are proved to be correct, the judge is considered impeached (हटाया गया) and is removed from office.
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👉 This process ensures that judges cannot be removed arbitrarily (मनमाने तरीके से नहीं हटाया जा सकता), and protects the independence of the Judiciary.
❓ Question 9: What is the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India?
🔍 भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का मूल क्षेत्राधिकार (original jurisdiction) क्या है?
✅ Answer:
The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India refers to the authority to hear certain types of cases directly (सीधे तौर पर), without them being heard in lower courts first.
⚖️ Under its original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court takes up cases related to:
1.🤝 Disputes between the Central and State Governments
(केंद्र और राज्य सरकारों के बीच विवाद)
2.🌐 Disputes between two or more States
(दो या दो से अधिक राज्यों के बीच विवाद)
3.🛡️ Cases involving Fundamental Rights
(मूल अधिकारों से संबंधित मामले)
4.📜 Issues related to interpretation of the Constitution
(संविधान की व्याख्या से जुड़े मामले)
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👉 These cases fall directly under the authority of the Supreme Court, and cannot be heard by any other court in the first instance.
❓ Question 13: What do you understand by Judicial Activism?
🔍 न्यायिक सक्रियता से आप क्या समझते हैं?
✅ Answer:
Judicial Activism refers to the situation when the Judiciary goes beyond its traditional role and starts taking an active part in matters usually handled by the Executive (कार्यपालिका) and Legislature (विधायिका).
🧑⚖️ It is often said that:
"When the Executive and Legislature fail, the Judiciary starts acting."
📜 According to the Constitution, the Judiciary can examine laws under the "procedure established by law" — to check whether a law is in line with the Constitution or not.
❗However, when the Judiciary starts giving opinions on policies and political matters, even when not directly asked — this is called Judicial Activism (न्यायिक सक्रियता).
👉 In simple terms, Judicial Activism is when the courts begin to influence governance and public policy beyond their defined limits.
❓ Question 15: What is PIL (Public Interest Litigation)?
🔍 PIL (जनहित याचिका) क्या होती है?
✅ Answer:
PIL or Public Interest Litigation refers to a legal action filed in a court for the protection of public interest (जनहित), especially for those people who are weak or poor and cannot approach the court themselves.
🧑⚖️ Through PIL, any person or group can approach the court on behalf of others who are unable to fight for their own rights due to poverty, lack of awareness, or helplessness.
📢 Judicial Activism has played a big role in strengthening PIL in India. Its impact includes:
1.✅ Democratising the judicial system — making courts more accessible to the common people.
2.✅ Promoting accountability — compelling the government and authorities to act in public interest.
3.🚨 Creating a sense of responsibility and fear of law among officials.
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👉 Thus, PIL is a powerful tool to protect rights, ensure justice, and uphold the rule of law in India.
❓ Question 2: How has the Constitution of India ensured the independence of the Judiciary?
🔍 भारत के संविधान ने न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता को कैसे सुनिश्चित किया है?
✅ Answer:
The Constitution of India has provided several safeguards to ensure that the Judiciary remains independent (स्वतंत्र), fair (निष्पक्ष), and free from external pressure. These include:
1.🏛️ No role of Legislature in the appointment of judges
(न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति में विधायिका की कोई भूमिका नहीं होती)
2.📆 Judges have a fixed and long tenure
(न्यायाधीशों का कार्यकाल निश्चित और लंबा होता है)
➤ Their removal is possible only through a difficult impeachment process (मुश्किल महाभियोग प्रक्रिया से ही हटाया जा सकता है)
3.💰 Judiciary is financially independent
(न्यायपालिका आर्थिक रूप से कार्यपालिका या विधायिका पर निर्भर नहीं है)
4.⚖️ Judiciary has the power to punish for Contempt of Court
(अदालत की अवमानना पर सज़ा देने का अधिकार न्यायपालिका के पास होता है)
5.🚫 Parliament cannot discuss the conduct of judges
(संसद न्यायाधीशों के व्यवहार पर चर्चा नहीं कर सकती)
6.🛡️ Judicial decisions are protected from personal criticism
(न्यायिक फैसले व्यक्तिगत आलोचना से सुरक्षित होते हैं)
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👉 These provisions ensure that the Judiciary can function independently and without fear or favour, maintaining the rule of law.
❓ Question 8: What is Judicial Review? How does it work in India?
🔍 न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन (Judicial Review) क्या है और यह भारत में कैसे काम करता है?
✅ Answer:
Judicial Review is the power of the Judiciary to examine the constitutional validity (संवैधानिक वैधता) of any law or action taken by the Executive (कार्यपालिका) or Legislature (विधायिका).
🧑⚖️ How it works in India:
1.📜 The Judiciary checks whether a law passed by the Legislature or an order by the Executive is in line with the Constitution.
2.❌ If it finds that any law or order violates the Constitution, the Judiciary has the authority to declare it unconstitutional (असंवैधानिक घोषित करना).
3.🛡️ This ensures that no law or action can override the basic structure and principles of the Constitution.
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👉 Thus, Judicial Review acts as a guardian of the Constitution and protects citizens' rights from arbitrary laws or misuse of power.
