Class 10th Geography Chapter - 5 || Mineral and Energy Resources Notes in English

Chapter - 5

" Resources and Development "

❇️ Minerals :-

🔹It is an essential part of our life. All things are made up of minerals. An organic substance having hardness, color and definite shape.

❇️️ Ore :-

🔹Iron, manganese, is a mixed form of traces of minerals like mica. Minerals are found in ores. Which are in natural state with various impurities.

❇️ Importance of minerals for us :-

🔹The smallest things used in daily life, from needle to ship, are made from minerals. Buildings, even bridges, are made of minerals. Food also contains minerals. Machines and tools are made from minerals. Means of transport, utensils etc. are made from minerals only.

❇️️ Receiving sites of minerals :-

From igneous and metamorphic (zinc, copper, zinc, lead)
In the layers of sedimentary rocks (coal, potash, sodium salt)
by decomposition from surface rocks
as an alluvial deposit or placer deposit (gold, silver, tin, platinum)
Ocean water (salt, magnesium, bromine)

❇️️ Formation of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks :-

🔹Minerals are found in cracks, joints, faults and fissures in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Small deposits are found in the form of veins and large deposits are found in the form of layers.

🔹When these liquid or gaseous state are pushed towards the earth's surface through cracks. Then coming up, they cool down and freeze.

🔹Main metallic minerals like zinc, copper, zinc and lead are examples of this.

❇️️ Geologist :-

🔹The scientists who study the nature and formation of rocks.

❇️️ Mining :-

🔹Mining is the extraction of metals, ores and other useful minerals from the earth's womb.

❇️ Basis of classification of minerals: -

🔹Minerals are classified on the basis of their colour, luster, hardness, density and crystals.

❇️️ Types of Minerals :-

🔹There are 3 types of minerals.

metallic
non-metallic
energy minerals

❇️️ Metallic Minerals :-

🔹 Those minerals in which the metal content is high. These are of three types.

🔹Iron :- ( Containing iron content ) such as :- Iron ore, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt, etc.

🔹Non -ferrous: - (which does not contain iron content) such as: - copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, etc.

🔹Precious Minerals :- Such as :- Gold, Silver, Platinum etc.

❇️️ Iron Minerals :-

🔹Minerals which have iron content like iron, manganese etc.

❇️️ Iron Ore :-

🔹Iron ore is a basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India has vast resources of iron ore. India is rich in high grade iron ore.

❇️️ Magnetite :-

🔹High grade iron ore containing 70 percent iron content. It has the best magnetic properties, which are especially useful in the electrical industries.

❇️️ Hematite :-

🔹The most important iron used in industries, which contains 50-60 percent iron content.

❇️️ Iron ore belt in India :-

Orissa :- Jharkhand Belt
Maharashtra :- Goa Belt
Bellary – Chitradurga, Chikmagalur – Tumkur Belt
Fort :- Bastar - Chandrapur Belt

❇️️ Manganese :-

Manganese is mainly used in the manufacture of steel.
It takes about 10 kg to make one ton of steel. Manganese is required.
It is used in making bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

❇️️ Non-ferrous Minerals :-

These minerals do not contain iron.
Although these minerals in which copper, bauxite, lead and gold come.
They play an important role in the metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.

❇️️ Difference between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals :-

iron mineral	non-ferrous minerals
Contains iron content.	Contains no iron content.
Iron ore, manganese, nickel and cobalt etc.	copper, lead, zinc and bauxite.

❇️️ Copper :-

Copper is mainly used in the manufacture of electric wires, electronics and chemical industries due to its strength, ductility and good thermal conductivity.
The Balaghat mines of Madhya Pradesh produce about 52 percent of the country's copper.

❇️️ Bauxite :-

Bauxite deposits are formed by the dissolution of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminum silicates.
Aluminum is an important metal because it is very light and good conductor in addition to having the same strength as iron.
It also has high malleability.
The deposits of bauxite in India are mainly found in the plateau region of Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and Bilaspur Katni.

❇️️ Non-metallic minerals :-

🔹Minerals that do not contain metal.

🔹Such as:- Asbestos, salt, potash, limestone, marble, sandstone etc.

❇️️ Mica :-

🔹Mica is found in the form of plates or layers.

🔹Major areas of deposition of mica :-

On the northern plateau sides of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
The Hazaribagh belt in the Koderma of Bihar, Jharkhand.
Near Ajmer in Rajasthan.
Nellore belt of Andhra Pradesh.

🔹Mica is used in electrical and electronic industries.

❇️️ Limestone :-

Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium or calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
It is mostly found in sedimentary rocks.
Limestone is a basic raw material for the cement industry.
and essential for iron-smelting furnaces.

❇️ Why is the mining industry called a dangerous industry?

🔹This industry has a very bad effect on the health and environment of the workers.

One has to constantly breathe in dust and harmful fumes.
Workers get diseases related to lungs.
There is fear among the workers due to water filling or fire in the mines.
Sometimes they have to lose their lives due to the collapse of the roof of the mines.
The water of rivers gets polluted due to mining.
There is weathering of land and soil.

❇️ Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources?

🔹Conservation of mineral resources is necessary because :-

Minerals are the basis of our industry and agriculture.
are not renewable.
The total amount of deposits is very less.
It takes millions of years to build them.
We are using minerals very fast.
They should be preserved for the future generations.

❇️ Measures for Conservation of Mineral Resources :-

There is less wastage of these materials during mining and refining.
Use plastic (certified) and wood as far as possible.
Minimal wastage in mining and mineral reclamation process till metal is formed.
Waste and old goods should be reused.
Recycling and reuse of minerals in a systematic manner.
Use in a planned and sustainable manner.
Finding other alternatives to minerals keeping in mind the environment , such as C . N. Yes .

❇️ Energy Resources :-

🔹Energy is needed in cooking, for lighting and heating, for running vehicles and for operating machines in industries.

🔹Energy is produced from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and electricity.

🔹Energy resources can be classified into conventional and non-conventional sources.

🔹Sources of conventional energy: - Wood, cow dung, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydroelectricity and thermal power).

🔹Sources of non-conventional energy: - include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and nuclear energy.

Sources of Conventional Energy

❇️️ Coal :-

🔹Coal is the abundant fossil fuel found in India. It provides a significant portion of the country's energy needs. It is used for power generation and supply of energy for industries and domestic needs.

🔹India is mainly dependent on coal to meet its commercial energy needs. According to the amount, depth and time of compression, there are three types of coal which are as follows:-

❇️ Lignite :-

🔹Lignite is a low grade brown coal. It is soft and more moisturised. Major deposits of lignite are found at Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for power generation.

❇️ Bituminous Coal :-

🔹Coal buried deep and affected by high temperature is called bituminous coal. It is most popular in commercial use. High grade bituminous coal is used in metallurgy, which is of special importance in the smelting of iron.

❇️ Anthracite Coal :-

🔹Anthracite is the hardest coal with the best properties.

️❇️ Coal in India :-

🔹In India, coal is found in the rock sequence of two major geologic ages, one Gondwana whose age is a little more than 200 million years and the other tertiary deposits which are about 55 lakh years old.

🔹 Gondwana coal:- The major resources of metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal and Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro which are important coal fields. Coal deposits are also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha river basins.

🔹Tertiary coalfields: - Found in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

❇️ Petroleum: -

🔹Petroleum or mineral oil is the second major source of energy in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and light, lubricant for machinery and raw material for many manufacturing industries.

🔹Oil refineries serve as a nodal point in synthetic textiles, fertilizers and innumerable chemical industries.

🔹63% of India's petroleum comes out of Mumbai High. 18% comes from Gujarat and 13% from Assam.

❇️️ Natural Gas :-

🔹It is used as a source of energy and as an industrial raw material of the petrochemical industry.

🔹Natural gas is considered environment friendly due to its low emission of carbon dioxide. Hence it is the fuel of the present century.

🔹Huge deposits of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari river basin. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also an important region with vast reserves of natural gas.

❇️️ Electricity :-

🔹Electricity is mainly generated in two ways

(a) From running water which generates hydro-electricity by driving hydro-turbine.
(b) By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, thermal power is generated by driving a turbine.

🔹Hydroelectricity is generated from fast flowing water which is a renewable resource.

🔹There are many multi-purpose projects in India that generate electrical energy; Like - Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation and Kopili Hydel Project etc.

❇️ Thermal Power :-

🔹Thermal power is generated using coal, petroleum and natural gas. Thermal power plants generate electricity using non-renewable fossil fuels.

❇️️ Difference between thermal and hydroelectric energy :-

thermal power	hydroelectric power
This electricity is generated using coal, petroleum and natural gas.	Hydroelectric energy is generated by using the power of falling water to drive a turbine.
It is full of pollution.	It is pollution free.
Not a permanent source.	permanent source.
Based on non-renewable sources.	Based on renewable sources like water.
There are more than 310 thermal power stations in India.	There are many multipurpose projects in India.
For example:- Talcher, Panki, Namrup, Uran, Naveli etc.	Eg :- Bhakra Nogal Damodar Valley Kopli etc.

Non-conventional Energy Sources

❇️️ Atomic or Atomic Energy :-

🔹Atomic or molecular energy is obtained by changing the structure of molecules.

🔹When such a change is made, a lot of energy is released in the form of heat; And it is used to generate electrical energy.

🔹Uranium and Thorium which are found in the Aravalli mountain range of Jharkhand and Rajasthan are used in the production of nuclear or nuclear energy.

🔹The amount of thorium is also found in monazite sand found in Kerala.

❇️️ Atomic Power :-

🔹The energy obtained by fission of a molecule.

❇️️ Atomic Minerals :-

🔹Substances that hold nuclear energy such as uranium, thorium and beryllium.

❇️ The future of solar energy is bright in India, why?

India is a tropical country.
It is a pollution free energy resource.
It is renewable energy source.
Lower class people can easily take advantage of this.

❇️️ Wind Energy :-

🔹The largest belt of wind power farms in India is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai. Apart from this, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep also have important wind power farms.

🔹Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are known for their effective use of wind energy in the country.

❇️️ Bio gas :-

🔹Energy which is obtained from grass straw, agricultural waste, animal and human-waste materials.

❇️️ Tidal Energy :-

🔹Ocean waves can be used to generate electricity.

❇️ The process of generation of tidal energy :-

🔹Dams are made by making flood gates across the narrow bay. At high tide, this narrow bay-like entrance is filled with water and remains in the dam when the gate is closed.

🔹When the tide descends outside the flood gate, the water from the dam is channeled to the sea through a pipe that leads it to the energy-generating turbine.

❇️ Ideal conditions for generating tidal energy in India :-

🔹Ideal conditions exist for the generation of energy by tidal waves in the delta of the Ganges in India, in the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kutch and on the west coast in Gujarat and in the Sundar forest area in West Bengal.

❇️ ️ Geothermal Energy :-

🔹The electricity generated by using heat from the interior of the earth is called geothermal energy.

❇️️ Conservation of Energy :-